Navigating the autophagic landscape: Epigenetic modulation in gastrointestinal cancer

Abstract

This editorial comments on the manuscript by Chang et al, focusing on the still elusive interplay between epigenetic regulation and autophagy in gastrointestinal diseases, particularly cancer. Autophagy, essential for cellular homeostasis, exhibits diverse functions ranging from cell survival to death, and is particularly implicated in physiological gastrointestinal cell functions. However, its role in pathological backgrounds remains intricate and context-dependent. Studies underscore the dual nature of autophagy in cancer, where its early suppressive effects in early stages are juxtaposed with its later promotion, contributing to chemoresistance. This discrepancy is attributed to the dysregulation of autophagy-related genes and their intricate involvement in cellular processes. Epigenetic modifications and regulations of gene expression, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), emerge as critical players in exerting regulatory control over autophagy flux, influencing treatment responses and tumor progression. Targeting epigenetic mechanisms and improving strategies involving the inhibition or induction of autophagy through pharmacological or genetic means present potential avenues to sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy. Additionally, nanocarrier-based delivery of ncRNAs offers innovative therapeutic approaches. Understanding the intricate interaction between autophagy and ncRNA regulation opens avenues for the development of targeted therapies, thereby improving the prognosis of gastrointestinal malignancies with poor outcomes.

Keywords: Autophagy; Epigenetic regulation; Gastrointestinal cancer; Non-coding RNAs; Target therapies.

Figure 1

Autophagy has a dual nature in cancer, exhibiting both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects at different stages of the disease, which influences responses to anticancer treatments. Dysregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), epigenetic modifications, and non-coding RNAs emerge as crucial regulators. These factors influence autophagy flux, thereby affecting treatment responses and tumor progression, highlighting the intricate regulation by oncogenes and tumor suppressors. ROS: Reactive oxygen species. Original figure generated by Biorender.com.