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. 2024 Aug 14;14(8):447.
doi: 10.3390/metabo14080447.

Cardiometabolic and Cellular Adaptations to Multiple vs. Single Daily HIIT Sessions in Wistar Rats: Impact of Short-Term Detraining

Liliane Vanessa Costa-Pereira  1 , Bruno Ferreira Mendes  1 , Caíque Olegário Diniz Magalhães  1   2 , Cíntia Maria Rodrigues  1 , Júllia Alves de Andrade  2 , Ramona Ramalho Souza de Pereira  2 , Elizabethe Adriana Esteves  1   2 , Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas  1   2 , Eric Francelino Andrade  3 , Fernando Gripp  1 , Flávio Castro de Magalhães  1   2 , Kinulpe Honorato Sampaio  1   2 , Alex Cleber Improta-Caria  4 , Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim  5 , Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto  1   2
Affiliations

Cardiometabolic and Cellular Adaptations to Multiple vs. Single Daily HIIT Sessions in Wistar Rats: Impact of Short-Term Detraining

Liliane Vanessa Costa-Pereira et al. Metabolites. .

Abstract

Multiple short daily bouts of HIIT are more effective than single daily sessions in improving cardiometabolic and cellular adaptations in rats. We hypothesize that a short period of detraining is sufficient to abolish the superior adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of HIIT in rats. Male rats were divided into untrained, 1xHIIT, and 3xHIIT groups. Over eight weeks, the 1xHIIT group performed 115 min single daily sessions of HIIT, while the 3xHIIT group performed three 5 min sessions with 4 h intervals. After training, both groups remained sedentary for four weeks (detraining). Resting oxygen consumption (VO2), body composition, glucose/insulin tolerance, and blood pressure were recorded. After euthanasia, cardiac function/histology and gastrocnemius mitochondrial density were analyzed. After training, both 1xHIIT and 3xHIIT protocols induced similar improvements in VO2, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), cardiac function/hypertrophy, and gastrocnemius mitochondrial density. These effects were maintained even after detraining. Only the 3xHIIT protocol improved insulin sensitivity. After detraining, this effect was abolished. After training, both 1xHIIT and 3xHIIT protocols reduced adiposity. After detraining, the adiposity increased in both groups, with a more pronounced increase in the 3xHIIT rats. A four-week detraining period abolishes the superior adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily HIIT sessions in rats.

Keywords: accumulated exercise; exercise snacks; sedentary behavior; training cessation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study design.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Exercise training protocols. 1xHIIT: High-Intensity Interval Training performed with single daily sessions (A); 3xHIIT: High-Intensity Interval Training performed with three shorter daily sessions (B).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Training and detraining effects of single versus three shorter daily sessions of HIIT on (A) VO2max, (B) body mass, and (C) food intake. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. n = 24/group. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Untrained, non-exercised group; 1xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in single daily sessions; 3xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in three shorter daily sessions. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Training and detraining effects of single versus three shorter daily sessions of HIIT on body composition, adipocyte size, and muscle fiber diameter (gastrocnemius muscle). Body fat percentage (%) ((A), n = 24); lean mass (g/g) ((B), n = 24); visceral fat percentage (%) ((C), n = 24); adipocyte size (µ2) ((D), n = 60 cells/group from four independent experiments); representative H&E slides of adipocytes in the retroperitoneal fat (E); muscle fiber diameter gastrocnemius, n = 38 fibers/group from four independent experiments (F); representative H&E slides of gastrocnemius muscle (G). Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Untrained, non-exercised group; 1xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in single daily sessions; 3xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in three shorter daily sessions. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Training and detraining effects of single versus three shorter daily sessions of HIIT on (A) resting oxygen consumption, (B) fasting blood glucose, (C–E) glucose tolerance, and (F–H) insulin tolerance. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. n = 24/group. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Untrained, non-exercised Group; 1xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in single daily sessions; 3xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in three shorter daily sessions. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Training and detraining effects of single versus three shorter daily sessions of HIIT on cardiovascular parameters. (A) Blood pressure; (B) +dP/Dt; (C) -dP/Dt; (D) heart/body weight ratio; (E) left ventricle/body weight ratio. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. n = 24/group. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Untrained, non-exercised Group; 1xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in single daily sessions; 3xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in three shorter daily sessions. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Training and detraining effects of single versus three shorter daily sessions of HIIT on mitochondria density. Representative mitochondria of the gastrocnemius muscle for Untrained, 1xHIIT, and 3xHIIT groups (A). White arrows show normal mitochondria, and black arrows show altered mitochondria. Quantification of normal (B) and altered (C) mitochondria density in gastrocnemius muscle fibers. Transmission electron micrographs of transverse sections of the gastrocnemius muscle (D). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Untrained, non-exercised group; 1xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in single daily sessions; 3xHIIT, High-Intensity Interval Training performed in three shorter daily sessions. Different letters indicate statistical differences.
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