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Review
. 2024 Jul 25;21(8):971.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph21080971.

Sociocultural Implications in the Development of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescents Belonging to Sexual and Gender Minorities

Bruno Luiz Avelino Cardoso  1 , Ana Flávia Azevedo Lima  1 , Fabiana Rachel Martins Costa  1 , Christof Loose  2 , Xi Liu  3 , Matteo Angelo Fabris  4
Affiliations
Review

Sociocultural Implications in the Development of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescents Belonging to Sexual and Gender Minorities

Bruno Luiz Avelino Cardoso et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Culture is a central theme across various theories and disciplines, influencing behavior and self-perception through interactions within social groups, families, and legal systems. This influence extends to the general population and particularly impacts sexual and gender minorities (SGMs), resulting in minority stress that contributes to mental health issues and the development of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Adolescents within these groups face typical developmental stressors-such as hormonal changes and societal pressures-compounded by prejudice, increasing their vulnerability to depression, anxiety, stress, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Despite these challenges, Schema Therapy (ST) lacks comprehensive studies on the sociocultural aspects influencing EMS acquisition in SGM adolescents. This theoretical review aims to fill this gap by exploring the impact of society and culture on EMS development within SGM adolescents. We recognize the broad spectrum of cultural influences and emphasize the importance of cultural sensitivity and diversity. This review specifically addresses how societal and cultural dynamics impact SGM individuals, acknowledging that while ethnic or other cultural factors are not the focus of this paper, they merit future research. This manuscript will discuss central topics and their impact on LGBTQIA+ youth, including (1) the background (definition of culture, lack of studies on ST focusing on culture, and studies on adverse psychological outcomes), (2) minority stress theory and prejudice against sexual and gender diversity (distal and proximal stressors and sociocultural aspects), (3) EMSs and unmet emotional needs, (4) ST affirmative strategies (working with schema modes, imagery rescripting, chair work, and photo techniques), and (5) final considerations (limitations and research agenda).

Keywords: LGBTQIA+; adolescents; minority stress theory; psychotherapy; schema therapy; sexual and gender minority.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Notably, several of the authors of this paper are part of sexual and gender minority communities. The integration of LGBTQIA+ voices into mental health research in this area is essential for producing accurate, ethical, and impactful studies that truly reflect and address the needs and realities of the LGBTQIA+ community.

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