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Review
. 2024 Aug 16;14(16):1790.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14161790.

Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors

Ugo Amicuzi  1 , Marco Grillo  2 , Marco Stizzo  3 , Michelangelo Olivetta  4 , Simone Tammaro  5 , Luigi Napolitano  5 , Pasquale Reccia  6 , Luigi De Luca  7 , Andrea Rubinacci  5 , Giampiero Della Rosa  5 , Arturo Lecce  5 , Paola Coppola  5 , Salvatore Papi  5 , Francesco Trama  8 , Lorenzo Romano  5 , Carmine Sciorio  9 , Lorenzo Spirito  3 , Felice Crocetto  5 , Celeste Manfredi  3 , Francesco Del Giudice  10 , Matteo Ferro  11 , Bernardo Rocco  11 , Octavian Sabin Tataru  12 , Raffaele Balsamo  6 , Giuseppe Lucarelli  13 , Dario Del Biondo  2   14 , Biagio Barone  14
Affiliations
Review

Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors

Ugo Amicuzi et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

Penile cancer, while rare, is a critical public health issue due to its profound impact on patients and the complexities of its management. The disease's multifactorial etiology includes risk factors such as HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, genetic predispositions, and socioeconomic determinants. This article provides a comprehensive review and analysis of these diverse risk factors, aiming to enhance understanding of the disease's underlying causes. By elucidating these factors, the article seeks to inform and improve prevention strategies, early detection methods, and therapeutic interventions. A nuanced grasp of the multifactorial nature of penile cancer can enable healthcare professionals to develop more effective approaches to reducing incidence rates and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords: circumcision; early detection; epidemiology; human papillomavirus; penile cancer; risk factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of the clinical classification of the TNM for penile cancer.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overview of the clinical classification of the TNM for penile cancer (section).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Natural history of penile cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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