Perivascular Fat: A Novel Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) interacts with the vascular wall and secretes bioactive factors which regulate vascular wall physiology. Vice versa, vascular wall inflammation affects the adjacent PVAT via paracrine signals, which induce cachexia-type morphological changes in perivascular fat. These changes can be quantified in pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT), as an increase in PCAT attenuation in coronary computed tomography angiography images. Fat attenuation index (FAI), a novel imaging biomarker, measures PCAT attenuation around coronary artery segments and is associated with coronary artery disease presence, progression, and plaque instability. Beyond its diagnostic capacity, PCAT attenuation can also ameliorate cardiac risk stratification, thus representing an innovative prognostic biomarker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, technical, biological, and anatomical factors are weakly related to PCAT attenuation and cause variation in its measurement. Thus, to integrate FAI, a research tool, into clinical practice, a medical device has been designed to provide FAI values standardized for these factors. In this review, we discuss the interplay of PVAT with the vascular wall, the diagnostic and prognostic value of PCAT attenuation, and its integration as a CVD risk marker in clinical practice.

Keywords: atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; coronary computed tomography angiography; fat attenuation index; pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation; perivascular adipose tissue.

Figure 1

The interplay between PVAT and the vascular wall. ADRF: adipocyte-derived relaxing factor, mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid, PVAT: perivascular adipose tissue, ROS: reactive oxygen species, VW: vascular wall, 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal.

Figure 2

PCAT attenuation, a promising biomarker––from biology to clinical practice. CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography, CT: computed tomography, CVD: cardiovascular disease, HU: Hounsfield units, PCAT: pericoronary adipose tissue.