The Clinical Heterogeneity of Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress Type 1 (SMARD1)-A Report of Three Cases, Including Twins

Abstract

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1; OMIM #604320, ORPHA:98920) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital motor neuron disease. It is caused by variants in the IGHMBP2 gene. Clinically, it presents with respiratory failure due to diaphragmatic paralysis, progressive muscle weakness starting in the distal parts of the limbs, dysphagia, and damage to sensory and autonomic nerves. Unlike spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), SMARD1 has a distinct genetic etiology and is not detected in the population newborn screening programs. Most children with SMARD1 do not survive beyond the first year of life due to progressive respiratory failure. Artificial ventilation can prolong survival, but no specific treatment is available. Therapy focuses on mechanical ventilation and improving the patient's quality of life. Research into gene therapy is ongoing. We report three female patients with SMARD1, including twins from a triplet pregnancy. In twin sisters (patient no. 1 and patient no. 2), two heterozygous variants in the IGHMBP2 gene were identified: c.595G>C/p.Ala199Pro and c.1615_1623del/p.Ser539_Tyr541del. In patient no. 3, a variant c.1478C>T/p.Thr493Ile and a variant c.439C>T/p.Arg147* in the IGHMBP2 gene were detected. Our findings underscore the variability of clinical presentations, even among patients sharing the same pathogenic variants in the IGHMBP2 gene, and emphasize the importance of early genetic diagnosis in patients presenting with respiratory failure, with or without associated diaphragmatic muscle paralysis.

Keywords: DSMA1; HMNR VI; IGHMBP2; SMARD1; diaphragm paralysis; progressive distal muscle weakness.

Figure 1

Features of gastroparesis and scoliosis in patient no. 1 at 13 months.

Figure 2

Patient no. 2 (left) and patient no. 1 (right) at the age of 4.5 years (courtesy of parents).

Figure 3

Features of gastroparesis and scoliosis in patient no. 2 at 18 months.

Figure 4

A chest X-ray of the patient no. 3 with right-sided eventration of the diaphragm at 4 months.

Figure 5

Patient no. 3 photographed at 1.5 years (left) and 2.5 years of age (right) (courtesy of parents).