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. 2024 Aug 22;15(8):1106.
doi: 10.3390/genes15081106.

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of the Genes of the ATL Family in Maize during High-Temperature Stress in Maize

Haiping Ding  1 , Xiaohu Li  2 , Shilin Zhuge  2 , Jiyuan Du  2 , Min Wu  2 , Wenlong Li  2 , Yujing Li  2 , Haoran Ma  2 , Peng Zhang  2 , Xingyu Wang  2 , Guihua Lv  1   3 , Zhiming Zhang  2 , Fazhan Qiu  1
Affiliations

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of the Genes of the ATL Family in Maize during High-Temperature Stress in Maize

Haiping Ding et al. Genes (Basel). .

Abstract

Maize is a significant food and feed product, and abiotic stress significantly impacts its growth and development. Arabidopsis Toxicosa en Levadura (ATL), a member of the RING-H2 E3 subfamily, modulates various physiological processes and stress responses in Arabidopsis. However, the role of ATL in maize remains unexplored. In this study, we systematically identified the genes encoding ATL in the maize genome. The results showed that the maize ATL family consists of 77 members, all predicted to be located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm, with a highly conserved RING domain. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of ATL family genes were significantly different in different tissues. Examination of the abiotic stress data revealed that the expression levels of ATL genes fluctuated significantly under different stress conditions. To further understand the biological functions of maize ATL family genes under high-temperature stress, we studied the high-temperature phenotypes of the maize ZmATL family gene ZmATL10 and its homologous gene AtATL27 in Arabidopsis. The results showed that overexpression of the ZmATL10 and AtATL27 genes enhanced resistance to high-temperature stress.

Keywords: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Toxicosa en Levadura; abiotic stress; gene family; heat stress; maize; tissue expression.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The chromosomal distribution of ZmATL family genes is illustrated in the figure. The red gene symbols denote various members of the ZmATL family. Maize chromosomes are indicated by yellow numbers. The density of genes is represented by the number of blue lines, with an increase indicating higher gene density and a decrease indicating lower gene density.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Phylogenetic analysis of ATL families of A. thaliana, O. sativa, and Z. mays. Roman numerals (I–IX) represent different family members, distinguished by different colors.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree, conserved motifs, and gene structure of maize ZmATL family. (A) Phylogenetic tree of ZmATL family members. (B) Distribution of conserved motifs in ZmATL proteins; colored boxes represent motifs 1–8. (C) Gene structure of ZmATL family genes, including introns (black lines), exons (yellow rectangles), and untranslated regions (UTRs, green rectangles).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Evidence of selection pressure on ZmATLs is illustrated using maize HapMap v3 SNP data. The red, green, and blue lines indicate the nucleotide diversity of improved maize lines, landraces, and teosinte, respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Heat map of tissue expression of maize ATL family genes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The promoter cis-regulatory elements of the ZmATL gene family are shown, with numbers representing the quantity of each element present in the promoter, where the numbers represent the number of contained elements, red represents more than 10 of these elements, orange represents 5–10 of these elements, and the rest represent less than 5 of these elements.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Abiotic stress heat map of maize ATL family genes. The expression at 0 h was set to 1. Color markers indicate changes in gene expression, red, orange, and pink for high expression and blue for low expression.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Expression levels of the ZmATL family genes following infection with Fusarium stalk rot. qRT-PCR was performed using gene-specific primers. These results show only genes that were induced and up-regulated(* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Phenotypes of Col-0, ZmATL10, AtATL27, and Atatl27 seedlings after heat stress treatments. (A,B) Phenotypes of Col-0, ZmATL10, AtATL27, and Atatl27 seedlings after 42 °C treatment. (C) Survival rate and hydrogen peroxide content in wild-type mutants treated with high temperature for 0 and 2 h. (D) Determination of hydrogen peroxide content in Col-0, ZmATL10, AtATL27, and Atatl27 under high-temperature stress. Values are shown as the mean ± SE from three biological repeats. Statistically significant differences were identified between pairs of measurements using Student’s t-test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01).
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