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. 2024 Aug 7;16(16):2598.
doi: 10.3390/nu16162598.

Chrono-Nutrition, Chrono-Type, and the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cross-Sectional Study from the EuroPean Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study

Leila Luján-Barroso  1   2 , Hernando J Margara-Escudero  1 , Marta Crous-Bou  1 , José María Huerta  3   4 , María-Dolores Chirlaque  3   4   5 , Esther Molina-Montes  4   6   7   8 , María José Sánchez  4   8   9 , Marcela Guevara  4   10   11 , Conchi Moreno-Iribas  4   10   11 , Pilar Amiano  12   13 , Olatz Mokoroa  12   13 , Sonia González  14 , Antonio Agudo  1 , José Ramón Quirós  14 , Paula Jakszyn  1   15
Affiliations

Chrono-Nutrition, Chrono-Type, and the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cross-Sectional Study from the EuroPean Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study

Leila Luján-Barroso et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have shown that meal timing, poor sleep quality, and chronotype may play a relevant role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its relationship with macronutrients by eating occasions has not been explored deeply. Objective: Our aim was to estimate the association between chrono-nutrition, sleep quality, chronotype, and the prevalence of T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a subset of 3465 middle-aged Caucasian adults (2068 women) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Spain cohort study. In the 2017-18 follow-up, we assessed chronotype, sleep quality, diet, and sociodemographic data using validated questionnaires. Further, we used blood samples to determine serum levels of glucose. We defined a case of T2DM when serum glucose concentration was ≥126 mg/dL or when participants self-reported diabetes. Results: A higher prevalence of T2DM was associated with poor sleep quality (ORpoorvsgood = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.30, 6.28). Carbohydrate intake at breakfast was inversely associated with the prevalence of T2DM (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.85). Finally, lipid intake at breakfast was associated with a 13% higher prevalence of T2DM (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.26) for each 1 standard deviation (1-SD) increase. Conclusions: This study concludes that a higher content of carbohydrates at breakfast is correlated with a reduced prevalence of T2DM, while higher lipids intake at breakfast is associated with a higher prevalence of T2DM. Furthermore, poor sleep quality is a potential factor associated with an elevated prevalence of T2DM. Our results emphasize the need for prospective studies to validate and strengthen these observed associations.

Keywords: EPIC-Spain; chrono-nutrition; macronutrients; meal timing; type 2 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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