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. 2024 Jul 28;16(7):e65604.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.65604. eCollection 2024 Jul.

The Comparative Study of Serum Estrogen and Lipid Profile in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women as Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Pakistan

Anum Chaudhry  1 , Khazina Ikram  1 , Kaneez Ayesha  1 , Mehrish Waheed  1 , Noor Ulain  1 , Amna Tariq  1 , Tooba Khalid  2
Affiliations

The Comparative Study of Serum Estrogen and Lipid Profile in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women as Atherosclerosis Risk Factors in Pakistan

Anum Chaudhry et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Background: Menopause signifies the eternal termination of menstruation in women as a consequence of ovarian action loss, typically occurring around the age of 51 years. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among post-menopausal women, which may be due to lower levels of estrogen and lipid profile. The present study was undertaken to evaluate serum estrogen and lipid profile status to assess the risk of atherosclerosis in both pre- and post-menopausal women.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between estrogen and lipid levels of women in pre- and post-menopausal stages.

Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Railway General Hospital Rawalpindi. A total of 100 participants were included of which 50 were pre-menopausal and 50 were post-menopausal women. Laboratory examination and questionnaires from the study population were used for data collection. Through the enzymatic method, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assessed. Serum very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were calculated via Friedwald's components VLDL=TG/5.0. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for estrogen measurement. For statistical analysis, Student's t-test and the Pearson correlation test were used.

Results: Women after menopause have significantly high serum cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, VLDLs, and triglycerides while HDL-c levels were significantly low (P<0.001). Levels of estrogen were low in post-menopausal females (P<0.001) as compared to menstruating women. Estrogen with HDL concentrations showed a positive correlation with an r value of 0.08556 while LDL levels showed a negative correlation with a r value of -0.26219.

Conclusion: This comparative study explores the relationship between estrogen and lipid levels in pre- and post-menopausal women. Low estrogen with changed lipid variables was observed. Decreased cardiovascular protective HDL-c marks that menopause is a phase that acts as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Keywords: atherosclerosis; estrogen; hdl; menopause; plasma lipids.

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Conflict of interest statement

Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Research Ethical Committee of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Riphah International University issued approval Riphah/RCRAHS-ISB/REC/BS-MLT-G/10008. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Comparison of the Lipid Profile in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women
TC: Total cholesterol, LDL: Low-density lipoproteins, HDL: High-density lipoproteins, VLDL: Very low-density lipoproteins, TG: Triglycerides
Figure 2
Figure 2. Correlation of Estrogen with HDL in Post-menopausal Women
HDL: High-density lipoprotein
Figure 3
Figure 3. Correlation of Estrogen With LDL in Post-menopausal Women
LDL: Low-density lipoprotein
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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