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. 2025 Jan;172(1):254-261.
doi: 10.1002/ohn.962. Epub 2024 Aug 30.

Dizziness and Imbalance Across the Lifespan: Findings of a Pediatric and Adult Vestibular Clinic

Alana L Ferreira  1 , Alanna M Windsor  2 , Tiffany P Hwa  1 , Stephanie Y Wang  1 , Erin W Field  3 , Michael J Ruckenstein  1 , Robert C O'Reilly  1   3
Affiliations

Dizziness and Imbalance Across the Lifespan: Findings of a Pediatric and Adult Vestibular Clinic

Alana L Ferreira et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025 Jan.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate diagnostic trends in pediatric and adult patients presenting for multidisciplinary subspecialty evaluation of dizziness and imbalance across the lifespan.

Study design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Single pediatric and single adult academic tertiary care hospital.

Methods: Retrospective review of electronic health record for patients presenting to an adult or pediatric multidisciplinary vestibular clinic from 2017 to 2020, including clinical data, physical therapy evaluation, and audiovestibular testing.

Results: A total of 1934 patients aged 1 to 95 were evaluated. Most patients were female (n = 1188, 61%); the largest cohort was in the fifth decade of life (n = 321, 17%). Seventy-six percent of patients (n = 1470) were assigned a pathologic diagnosis. Central causes of dizziness were most common in children and young adults, comprising 38% to 54% of all diagnoses in ages 1 to 30. The proportion of peripheral vestibular disorders increased with age, peaking at 32% in ages 61 to 70. Vestibular migraine was the most common pathologic diagnosis in ages 6 to 20 (n = 110, 39%) and 31 and 50 (n = 69, 17%) regardless of gender, but was more prevalent in females (21% vs 14%; P < .0001). The prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) increased throughout the lifespan, peaking at age 71 to 80. Meniere's disease (MD) did not occur within the first decade of life, but increased thereafter, peaking at ages 51 to 60.

Conclusion: Multidisciplinary vestibular evaluation resulted in a diagnosis for the majority of patients. Vestibular diagnoses vary across the lifespan however among most age groups, central disorders, including migraine disorders, outnumber peripheral vestibulopathies. The prevalence of peripheral vestibular disorders such as BPPV and MD increased with age.

Level of evidence: Level IV.

Keywords: imbalance; multidisciplinary evaluation; vertigo; vestibular.

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