Guardians of memory: The urgency of early dementia screening in an aging society

Abstract

The global aging population has led to a significant rise in the prevalence of age-related non-communicable diseases such as dementia and other cognitive disorders. In 2019, there were 57.4 million people with dementia worldwide, and this number is projected to triple by 2050. Intervening in and managing 12 potentially modifiable dementia risk factors can prevent or delay the onset and progression of about 40% of dementia cases. Neuroimaging, biomarkers, and advanced neuropsychological testing offer promising pathways for the early detection of dementia. Emphasis should be placed on educating the public about the importance of brain health and the early signs of cognitive impairment, as well as promoting dementia prevention measures. Adopting a healthy lifestyle - including a balanced diet, regular physical exercise, active social engagement, cognitive activities, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption - can help reduce the risk of cognitive decline and prevent cognitive disorders. Government policies on dementia prevention and health care, along with early and regular dementia screening programs, can enhance the early identification and management of individuals at risk. In addition, integrating cognitive health assessments into routine medical check-ups is essential for the early screening and management of dementia.

Keywords: aging; biomarker; dementia; diagnosis; neuroimaging; neuropsychological testing.

Figure 1.

Neuroimaging assessment of Aβ aggregation, metabolism, and structural changes prior to the onset of Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

Figure 2.

The pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid, including amyloid deposition, tau accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration.

Figure 3.

The occurrence of plasma tau accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal degeneration before the onset of dementia symptoms.