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. 2024 Sep 2;7(9):e70053.
doi: 10.1002/hsr2.70053. eCollection 2024 Sep.

Control strategies for emerging infectious diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever management

Shriyansh Srivastava  1   2 , Sachin Kumar  1 , Pramod Kumar Sharma  2 , Sarvesh Rustagi  3 , Aroop Mohanty  4 , Suzanne Donovan  5 , Andres F Henao-Martinez  6 , Ranjit Sah  7   8   9 , Carlos Franco-Paredes  10
Affiliations

Control strategies for emerging infectious diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever management

Shriyansh Srivastava et al. Health Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Background and aims: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a significant public health concern transmitted by ticks. This study seeks to thoroughly grasp the epidemiology and transmission patterns of CCHF, which is caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV), a member of the Nairovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family.

Methods: The study investigates the global distribution and endemicity of CCHF, its mortality rates, modes of transmission (including tick bites, contact with infected animal blood, and limited person-to-person transmission), and factors influencing its prevalence across different regions. Genetic diversity within CCHFV and its impact on transmission dynamics are explored, along with efforts to control the disease through tick prevention, antiviral treatment, and the development of vaccines and diagnostics.

Results: CCHFV exhibits widespread distribution, particularly in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, with an overall mortality rate of approximately 30% and a case fatality rate ranging from 10% to 40%. Transmission occurs primarily through tick bites and contact with infected animal blood, with limited person-to-person transmission. Livestock workers, slaughterhouse employees, and animal herders in endemic areas are most affected by their frequent interaction with sick animals and ticks. Genetic diversity within CCHFV contributes to variations in transmission dynamics, complicating control efforts. Antiviral ribavirin shows efficacy in treating CCHF infection.

Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of further research to understand the enzootic environment, transmission routes, and genetic diversity of CCHFV for effective control measures, including the development of vaccines, treatment options, and diagnostics.

Keywords: outbreak investigation; pathophysiology; public health; vector‐borne diseases; viral hemorrhagic fevers; zoonotic diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The genomic structure of CCHFV shows the three genomic segments and the proteins they encode each. [Created in Bio Render].
Figure 2
Figure 2
CCHFV Transmission Cycle: Human and Vector Interactions. [Created in Bio Render].
Figure 3
Figure 3
CCHF Viral Entry, Replication, and Host Response Mechanisms. [Created in Bio render].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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