Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Sep 4;9(9):CD015519.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015519.pub2.

Cardiovascular training versus resistance training for fatigue in people with cancer

Annika Oeser  1 , Sarah Messer  1 , Carina Wagner  1 , Andreas Wender  1 , Nora Cryns  1 , Paul J Bröckelmann  2 , Ulrike Holtkamp  3 , Freerk T Baumann  2 , Joachim Wiskemann  4 , Ina Monsef  1 , Roberta W Scherer  5 , Shiraz I Mishra  6 , Moritz Ernst  1 , Nicole Skoetz  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cardiovascular training versus resistance training for fatigue in people with cancer

Annika Oeser et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: With prevalence estimates between 50% and 90% of people with cancer, cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common morbidities related to cancer and its treatment. Exercise is beneficial for the treatment of cancer-related fatigue. However, the efficacy of different types of exercise (i.e. cardiovascular training and resistance training) have not yet been investigated systematically and compared directly in a meta-analysis.

Objectives: To compare the benefits and harms of cardiovascular training versus resistance training for treatment or prevention of cancer-related fatigue in people with cancer.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and five other databases in January 2023. We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. We integrated results from update searches of previously published Cochrane reviews. In total, our searches included trials from inception to October 2023.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials investigating cardiovascular training compared with resistance training, with exercise as the main component. We included studies on adults with cancer (aged 18 years and older), with or without a diagnosis of cancer-related fatigue, for any type of cancer and any type of cancer treatment, with the intervention starting before, during, or after treatment. We included trials evaluating at least one of our primary outcomes (cancer-related fatigue or quality of life). We excluded combined cardiovascular and resistance interventions, yoga, and mindfulness-based interventions. Our primary outcomes were cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. Our secondary outcomes were adverse events, anxiety, and depression.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methodology. For analyses, we pooled results within the same period of outcome assessment (i.e. short term (up to and including 12 weeks' follow-up), medium term (more than 12 weeks' to less than six months' follow-up), and long term (six months' follow-up or longer)). We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 1 tool, and certainty of the evidence using GRADE.

Main results: We included six studies with 447 participants with prostate, breast, or lung cancer who received radiotherapy or chemotherapy, had surgery, or a combination of these. All studies had a high risk of bias due to lack of blinding. Three studies had an additional high risk of bias domain; one study for attrition bias, and two studies for selection bias. Interventions in the cardiovascular training groups included training on a cycle ergometer, treadmill, an elliptical trainer, or indoor bike. Interventions in the resistance training group included a varying number of exercises using bodyweight, weights, or resistance bands. Interventions varied in frequency, intensity, and duration. None of the included studies reported including participants with a confirmed cancer-related fatigue diagnosis. The interventions in four studies started during cancer treatment and in two studies after cancer treatment. Before treatment No studies reported interventions starting before cancer treatment. During treatment The evidence was very uncertain about the effect of cardiovascular training compared with resistance training for short-term cancer-related fatigue (mean difference (MD) -0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.52 to 1.84; 4 studies, 311 participants; Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) scale where higher values indicate better outcome; very low-certainty evidence) and long-term cancer-related fatigue (MD 1.30, 95% CI -2.17 to 4.77; 1 study, 141 participants; FACIT-Fatigue scale; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence was very uncertain about the effect of cardiovascular training compared with resistance training for short-term quality of life (MD 1.47, 95% CI -1.47 to 4.42; 4 studies, 319 participants; Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General scale where higher values indicate better outcome; very low-certainty evidence) and for long-term quality of life (MD 3.40, 95% CI -4.85 to 11.65; 1 study, 141 participants; Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Anemia scale where higher values indicate better outcome; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of cardiovascular training compared with resistance training on the occurrence of adverse events at any follow-up (risk ratio (RR) 2.00, 95% CI 0.19 to 21.18; 2 studies, 128 participants; very low-certainty evidence). No studies reported medium-term cancer-related fatigue or quality of life. After treatment The evidence was very uncertain about the effect of cardiovascular training compared with resistance training for short-term cancer-related fatigue (MD 1.47, 95% CI -0.09 to 3.03; 1 study, 95 participants; Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 General Fatigue subscale where higher values indicate worse outcome; very low-certainty evidence). Resistance training may improve short-term quality of life compared to cardiovascular training, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -10.96, 95% CI -17.77 to -4.15; 1 study, 95 participants; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 Global Health subscale where higher values indicate better outcome; very low-certainty evidence). No studies reported outcomes at medium-term or long-term follow-up.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence is very uncertain about the effects of cardiovascular training compared with resistance training on treatment of cancer-related fatigue in people with cancer. Larger, well-conducted studies including people with different cancer types receiving different treatments are needed to increase the certainty in the evidence and to better understand who may benefit most from cardiovascular or resistance training. Moreover, studies comparing the effects of cardiovascular and resistance training initiated before as well as after cancer treatment are needed to understand the prophylactic and rehabilitative effects of these exercise types on cancer-related fatigue.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AO: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

SM: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

CW: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

AW: none.

NC: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

PB: reports consultancy fees and travel expenses from BeiGene, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celgene, MSD, Stemline and Takeda Oncology; paid to himself.

UH: none.

FB: none.

JW: none. They were involved in the BENEFIT study (currently in follow‐up; study awaiting classification in this review; NCT02999074) and the TOP study (included in this review, Pelzer 2023), but was not involved in the data extraction, risk of bias assessment, or analysis in this review.

IM: none. She is an Information Specialist of Cochrane Haematology and a Cochrane Editor, but was not involved in the editorial process of this review.

RWS: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

SIM: none.

ME: none. They are a Cochrane Editor, but were not involved in the editorial process of this review.

NS: none. She is Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Haematology but was not involved in the editorial process of this review.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA flow diagram of screening process.
CRF: cancer‐related fatigue; QoL: quality of life; RCT: randomised controlled trial.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 1: Cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) ≤ 12 weeks
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 2: CRF ≥ 6 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 3: Quality of life (QoL) ≤ 12 weeks
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 4: QoL ≥ 6 months
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 5: Depression ≤ 12 weeks
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 6: Depression ≥ 6 months
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 7: Anxiety ≤ 12 weeks
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 8: Anxiety ≥ 6 months
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, Outcome 9: Adverse events ≥ 6 months
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer type, Outcome 1: Cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) ≤ 12 weeks
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer type, Outcome 2: Quality of life (QoL) ≤ 12 weeks
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer type, Outcome 3: Depression ≤ 12 weeks
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer treatment, Outcome 1: Cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) ≤ 12 weeks
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer treatment, Outcome 2: Quality of life (QoL) ≤ 12 weeks
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention during treatment, subgroup analysis by cancer treatment, Outcome 3: Depression ≤ 12 weeks
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention after treatment, Outcome 1: Cancer‐related fatigue (CRF) ≤ 12 weeks
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Cardiovascular training versus resistance training, no fatigue diagnosis at baseline, intervention after treatment, Outcome 2: Quality of life (QoL) ≤ 12 weeks
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015519

References

References to studies included in this review

Courneya 2007 {published data only}
    1. Adams SC, Segal RJ, McKenzie CD, Vallerand JR, Morielli AR, Mackey JR, et al. Impact of resistance and aerobic exercise on sarcopenia and dynapenia in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2016;158:497-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3900-2] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Courneya KS, Segal RJ, McKenzie DC, Huiru D, Gelmon K, Friedenreich CM, et al. Effects of exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on breast cancer outcomes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2014;46(9):1744-51. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000297] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM, Reid RD, Gelmon K, Mackey JR, Ladha AB, et al. Predictors of follow-up exercise behavior 6 months after a randomized trial of exercise training during breast cancer chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2009;114(1):179-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9987-3] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Courneya KS, McKenzie DC Reid RD, Mackey JR, Gelmon K, Friedenreich CM, et al. Barriers to supervised exercise training in a randomized controlled trial of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2008;35(1):116-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-007-9009-4] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Courneya KS, McKenzie DC, Mackey JR, Gelmon K, Reid RD, Friedenreich CM, et al. Moderators of the effects of exercise training in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2008;112(8):1845-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23379] - DOI - PubMed
Pelzer 2023 {published data only}
    1. NCT02883699. Individually tailored training prescriptions in cancer patients: the TOP Study (TOP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02883699 (first posted 30 August 2016). [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02883699]
    1. Pelzer F, Leisge K, Schlüter K, Schneider J, Wiskemann J, Rosenberger F. Effects of exercise mode and intensity on patient-reported outcome in cancer survivors: a four-arm intervention trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2023;31:315. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07757-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Piraux 2020 {published data only}
    1. Piraux E, Caty G, Renard L, Vancraeynest D, Tombal B, Geets X, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training compared with resistance training in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 2020;24:156-65. [DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-0259-6] - DOI - PubMed
Schmidt 2015 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt T, Weisser B, Dürkop J, Jonat W, Van Mackelenbergh M, Röcken C, et al. Comparing endurance and resistance training with standard care during chemotherapy for patients with primary breast cancer. Anticancer Research 2015;35(10):5623-9. - PubMed
Scott 2021 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Jones LW, Eves ND, Kraus WE, Potti A, Crawford J, Blumenthal JA, et al. The lung cancer exercise training study: a randomized trial of aerobic training, resistance training, or both in postsurgical lung cancer patients: rationale and design. BioMed Central 2010;10:155. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-155] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Scott JM, Thomas SM, Herndon JE, Douglas PS, Yu AF, Rusch V, et al. Effects and tolerability of exercise therapy modality on cardiorespiratory fitness in lung cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 2021;12(6):1456-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12828] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Segal 2009 {published data only}
    1. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Prud'Homme DG, et al. Randomized controlled trial of resistance or aerobic exercise in men receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(3):344-51. [DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4963] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ajjou 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ajjou MN, Bastarache G, Walsh E, Routy B, Blais N, Tehfe M, et al. High intensity interval training safety and efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving systemic treatment: results of a prospective trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2021;39(15):12054. [PMID: 10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.12054] - DOI
Andhare 2020 {published data only}
    1. Andhare NM, Yeole UL, Varde F. Effect of physiotherapeutic exercises on fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2020;11(6):538-42.
Cohen 2021 {published data only}
    1. Cohen J, Rogers WA, Petruzzello S, Trinh L, Mullen SP. Acute effects of aerobic exercise and relaxation training on fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a feasibility trial. Psycho-oncology 2021;30(2):252-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.5561] - DOI - PubMed
Demmelmaier 2021 {published data only}
    1. Demmelmaier I, Brooke HL, Henriksson A, Mazzoni AS, Bjørke AC, Igelström H. Does exercise intensity matter for fatigue during (neo-)adjuvant cancer treatment? The Phys-Can randomised clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & in Sports 2021;31(4):1144-59. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13930] - DOI - PubMed
Devin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Devin JL, Sax AT, Hughes GI, Jenkins DG, Aitken JF, Chambers SK, et al. The influence of high-intensity compared with moderate-intensity exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship 2016;10(3):467-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11764-015-0490-7] - DOI - PubMed
EXIT Kirkham 2020 {published data only}
    1. Kirkham AA, Bland KA, Zucker DS, Bovard J, Shenkier T, McKenzie DC, et al. "Chemotherapy-periodized" exercise to accommodate for cyclical variation in fatigue. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2020;52(2):278-86. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002151] - DOI - PubMed
Heim 2007 {published data only}
    1. Heim ME, Elsner v d Malsburg ML, Niklas A. Randomized controlled trial of a structured training program in breast cancer patients with tumor-related chronic fatigue. Onkologie 2007;30(8-9):429-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000104097] - DOI - PubMed
Hong 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hong Y, Wu C, Wu B. Effects of resistance exercise on symptoms, physical function, and quality of life in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Integrated Cancer Therapies 2020;19:1-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735420954912] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Khan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Khan S, Agrawal R, Shaikh S, Thakur N. Comparison of effect of aerobic training versus resistance training on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development 2018;11(7):893-9.
McNeely 2008 {published data only}
    1. McNeely ML, Parliament MB, Seikaly H, Jha N, Magee DJ, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Effect of exercise on upper extremity pain and dysfunction in head and neck cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2008;113(1):214-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23536] - DOI - PubMed
    1. McNeely ML. Exercise rehabilitation for breast and head and neck cancer survivors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2008;68(10-B):6627.
Pagola 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pagola I, Morales JS, Alejo LB, Barcelo O, Montil M, Oliván J, et al. Concurrent exercise interventions in breast cancer survivors with cancer-related fatigue. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;41(11):790-7. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1147-1513] - DOI - PubMed
Pahl 2020 {published data only}
    1. Pahl A, Wehrle A, Kneis S, Gollhofer A, Bertz H. Whole body vibration training during allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation-the effects on patients' physical capacity. Annals of Hematology 2020;99(3):635-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-03921-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Paulo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Paulo TR, Rossi FE, Viezel J, Tosello GT, Seidinger SC, Simões RR. The impact of an exercise program on quality of life in older breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2019;17(1):1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1090-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Poier 2019 {published data only}
    1. Poier D, Büssing A, Recchia DR, Beerenbrock Y, Reif M, Nikolaou A, et al. Influence of a multimodal and multimodal-aerobic therapy concept on health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Integrated Cancer Therapies 2019;18:1-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735418820447] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rogers 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rogers LQ, Hopkins-Price P, Vicari S, Markwell S, Pamenter R, Courneya RS, et al. Physical activity and health outcomes three months after completing a physical activity behavior change intervention: persistent and delayed effects. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2009;18(5):1410-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1045] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rogers LQ, Hopkins-Price P, Vicari S, Pamenter R, Courneya KS, Markwell S, et al. A randomized trial to increase physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009;41(4):935-46. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818e0e1b] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rogers LQ, Markwell S, Hopkins-Price P, Vicari S, Courneya KS, Hoelzer K, et al. Reduced barriers mediated physical activity maintenance among breast cancer survivors. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2011;33(2):235-54. [DOI: 10.1123/jsep.33.2.235] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Santagnello 2020 {published data only}
    1. Santagnello SB, Maria Martins F, Nascimento de Oliveira Junior G, Freitas Rodrigues de Sousa J, Simões Nomelini R, Candido Murta EF, et al. Improvements in muscle strength, power, and size and self-reported fatigue as mediators of the effect of resistance exercise on physical performance breast cancer survivor women: a randomized controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2020;28(12):6075-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05429-6] - DOI - PubMed
Segar 1998 {published data only}
    1. Segar ML, Katch VL, Roth RS, Garcia AW, Portner TI, Glickman SG, et al. The effect of aerobic exercise on self-esteem and depressive and anxiety symptoms among breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum 1998;25(1):107-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Viamonte 2023 {published data only}
    1. Viamonte SG, Joaquim AV, Alves A, Vilela E, Capela A, Ferreira C. Impact of a COmprehensive cardiac REhabilitation framework among high cardiovascular risk cancer survivors: protocol for the CORE trial. International Journal of Cardiology 2023;371:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.09.075] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT02999074 {published data only}
    1. NCT02999074. Exercise interventions for breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (BENEFIT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02999074 (first posted 21 December 2016). [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02999074]
NCT04656457 {published data only}
    1. NCT04656457. Resistance versus aerobic exercises on breast cancer patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04656457 (first posted 7 December 2020). [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT04656457]
Rufa'i 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rufa'i AA, Muda WA, Yen SH, Shatar AK, Murali BV, Tan SW. Design of a randomised intervention study: the effect of dumbbell exercise therapy on physical activity and quality of life among breast cancer survivors in Malaysia. BMJ 2016;1:e000015. [DOI: 10.1136/ bmjgh-2015-000015] - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

NCT05297773 {published data only}
    1. NCT05297773. Resistance vs. aerobic training on breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment (NEO-Program). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05297773 (first posted 28 March 2022). [CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT05297773]

Additional references

Abrahams 2018
    1. Abrahams HJ, Gielissen MF, Verhagen CA, Knoop H. The relationship of fatigue in breast cancer survivors with quality of life and factors to address in psychological interventions: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 2018;63:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.004] - DOI - PubMed
Agudelo 2014
    1. Agudelo LZ, Femenía T, Orhan F, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Goiny M, Martinez-Redondo V, et al. Skeletal muscle PGC-1α1 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression. Cell 2014;159(1):33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.051] - DOI - PubMed
Al‐Majid 2009
    1. Al-Majid S, Gray DP. A biobehavioral model for the study of exercise interventions in cancer-related fatigue. Biological Research for Nursing 2009;10(4):381-91. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Aldiss 2019
    1. Aldiss S, Fern LA, Phillips RS, Callaghan A, Dyker K, Gravestock H, et al. Research priorities for young people with cancer: a UK priority setting partnership with the James Lind Alliance. BMJ Open 2019;9(8):e028119. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028119] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Baguley 2017
    1. Baguley BJ, Bolam KA, Wright OR, Skinner TL. The effect of nutrition therapy and exercise on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life in men with prostate cancer: a systematic review. Nutrients 2017;9(9):1003. [DOI: 10.3390/nu9091003] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Beck 1996
    1. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. Beck Depression Inventory–II (Database record). American Psychological Association PsycTests. [DOI: 10.1037/t00742-000] - DOI
Belloni 2021
    1. Belloni S, Arrigoni C, Caruso R. Effects from physical exercise on reduced cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Acta Oncologica 2021;60(12):1678-87. [DOI: 10.1080/0284186X.2021.1962543] - DOI - PubMed
Bower 2014
    1. Bower JE. Cancer-related fatigue – mechanisms, risk factors, and treatments. Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 2014;11(10):597-609. - PMC - PubMed
Buffart 2014
    1. Buffart LM, Galvão DA, Brug J, Chinapaw MJ, Newton RU. Evidence-based physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors: current guidelines, knowledge gaps and future research directions. Cancer Treatment Reviews 2014;40(2):327-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.06.007] - DOI - PubMed
Bull 2020
    1. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Bumann MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54:1451-62. - PMC - PubMed
Campbell 2012
    1. Campbell A, Stevinson C, Crank H. The BASES expert statement on exercise and cancer survivorship. Journal of Sports Sciences 2012;30(9):949-52. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.671953] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 2019
    1. Campbell KL, Winters-Stone KM, Wiskemann J, May AM, Schwartz AL, Courneya KS, et al. Exercise guidelines for cancer survivors: consensus statement from international multidisciplinary roundtable. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2019;51(11):2375-90. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002116] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Campos 2011
    1. Campos MP, Hassan BJ, Riechelmann R, Del Giglio A. Cancer-related fatigue: a practical review. Annual Oncology 2011;22(6):1273-9. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq458] - DOI - PubMed
Cella 1993
    1. Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A, et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1993;11(3):570-9. - PubMed
Cella 1995
    1. Cella DF, Bonomi AE, Lloyd SR, Tulsky DS, Kaplan E, Bonomi P. Reliability and validity of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Lung (FACT-L) quality of life instrument. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 1995;12(3):199-220. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5002(95)00450-f] - DOI - PubMed
Cella 1997
    1. Cella D. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Anemia (FACT-An) scale: a new tool for the assessment of outcomes in cancer anemia and fatigue. Seminars in Hematology 1997;34(3):13-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Cella 2002
    1. Cella D, Eton DT, Lai JS, Peterman AH, Merkel DE. Combining anchor and distribution-based methods to derive minimal clinically important differences on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) Anemia and Fatigue scales. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2002;24(6):547-61. [DOI: 10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00529-8] - DOI - PubMed
Cleeland 2013
    1. Cleeland CS, Zhao F, Chang VT, Sloan JA, O'Mara AM, Gilman PB, et al. The symptom burden of cancer: evidence for a core set of cancer-related and treatment-related symptoms from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns study. Cancer 2013;119(24):4333-40. - PMC - PubMed
Codima 2021
    1. Codima A, Das Neves Silva W, Souza Borges AP, Castro G. Exercise prescription for symptoms and quality of life improvements in lung cancer patients: a systematic review. Supportive Care in Cancer 2021;29(1):445-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05499-6] - DOI - PubMed
Cramp 2012
    1. Cramp F, Byron DJ. Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. Art. No: CD006145. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006145.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Deeks 2022
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG, editor(s). Chapter 10: analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.3 (updated February 2022). Cochrane, 2022. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.3.
Fabi 2020
    1. Fabi A, Bhargava R, Fatigoni S, Guglielmo M, Horneber M, Roila F, et al. Cancer-related fatigue: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Annals of Oncology 2020;31(6):713-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.02.016] - DOI - PubMed
Fayers 2002
    1. Fayers P, Bottomley AE, EORTC Quality of Life Group. Quality of life research within the EORTC – the EORTC QLQ-C30. European Journal of Cancer 2002;1(38):125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00448-8] - DOI - PubMed
Furukawa 2006
    1. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(1):7-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.06.006] - DOI - PubMed
Garber 2011
    1. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2011;43(7):1334-59. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb] - DOI - PubMed
Gascón 2018
    1. Gascón P, Arranz R, Bargay J, Ramos F. Fatigue- and health-related quality-of-life in anemic patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Supportive Care in Cancer 2017;26:1253-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3948-5] - DOI - PubMed
GRADEpro GDT [Computer program]
    1. GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed prior to 15 February 2022. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2022. https://www.gradepro.org.
Groenvold 2007
    1. Groenvold M, Petersen MA, Idler E, Bjorner JB, Fayers PM, Mouridsen HT. Psychological distress and fatigue predicted recurrence and survival in primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2007;105(2):209-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9447-x] - DOI - PubMed
Gupta 2007
    1. Gupta D, Lis CG, Grutsch JF. The relationship between cancer-related fatigue and patient satisfaction with quality of life in cancer. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2007;34(1):40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.10.012] - DOI - PubMed
Haase 2022
    1. Haase I, Winkeler M, Imgart H. Ascertaining minimal clinically meaningful changes in symptoms of depression rated by the 15-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2022;28(3):500-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jep.13629] - DOI - PubMed
Hagstrom 2016
    1. Hagstrom AD, Marshall PW, Lonsdale C, Cheema BS, Flatarone Singh MA, Green S. Resistance training improves fatigue and quality of life in previously sedentary breast cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Cancer Care 2016;25(5):784-94. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12422] - DOI - PubMed
Hautzinger 1988
    1. Hautzinger M. The CES-D scale: a depression-rating scale for research in the general population [Die CES-D Skala: ein Depressionsmessinstrument für Untersuchungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung]. Diagnostica 1988;34(2):167-73.
Hayes 2019
    1. Hayes SC, Newton RU, Spence RR, Galvão DA. The Exercise and Sports Science Australia position statement: exercise medicine in cancer management. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22(11):1175-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.003] - DOI - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d5928] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2023a
    1. Higgins JP, Eldridge S, Li T, editor(s). Chapter 23: Including variants on randomized trials. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Higgins 2023b
    1. Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Higgins 2023c
    1. Higgins JP, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JA. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Hilfiker 2018
    1. Hilfiker R, Meichtry A, Eicher M, Nilsson Balfe L, Knols RH, Verra ML, et al. Exercise and other non-pharmaceutical interventions for cancer-related fatigue in patients during or after cancer treatment: a systematic review incorporating an indirect-comparisons meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2018;52(10):651. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096422] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hojan 2016
    1. Hojan K, Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk E, Leporowska E, Górecki M, Ozga-Majchrzak O, Milecki T, et al. Physical exercise for functional capacity, blood immune function, fatigue, and quality of life in high-risk prostate cancer patients during radiotherapy: a prospective, randomized clinical study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2016;52(4):489-501. - PubMed
Hojman 2018
    1. Hojman P, Gehl J, Christensen JF, Pedersen BK. Molecular mechanisms linking exercise to cancer prevention and treatment. Cell Metabolism 2018;27(1):10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.015] - DOI - PubMed
Khosravi 2019
    1. Khosravi N, Stoner L, Farajivafa V, Hanson ED. Exercise training, circulating cytokine levels and immune function in cancer survivors: a meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2019;81:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.187] - DOI - PubMed
Kim 2015
    1. Kim S, Miller BJ, Stefanek ME, Miller AH. Inflammation-induced activation of the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase pathway: relevance to cancer-related fatigue. Cancer 2015;121(13):2129-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29302] - DOI - PubMed
Kim 2022
    1. Kim A, Chung KC, Keir C, Patrick DL. Patient-reported outcomes associated with cancer screening: a systematic review. BMC Cancer 2022;22(1):223. [DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09261-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Knips 2019
    1. Knips L, Bergenthal N, Streckmann F, Monsef I, Elter T, Skoetz N. Aerobic physical exercise for adult patients with haematological malignancies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 1. Art. No: CD009075. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009075.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kvaal 2005
    1. Kvaal K, Ulstein I, Nordhus IH, Engedal K. The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(7):629-34. [DOI: 10.1002/gps.1330] - DOI - PubMed
LaVoy 2016
    1. LaVoy EC, Fagundes CP, Dantzer R. Exercise, inflammation, and fatigue in cancer survivors. Exercise Immunology Review 2016;22:82-93. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ma 2020
    1. Ma Y, He B, Jiang M, Yang Y, Wang C, Huang C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2020;111:103707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103707] - DOI - PubMed
McAuley 2010
    1. McAuley E, White SM, Rogers LQ, Motl RW, Courneya KS. Physical activity and fatigue in breast cancer and multiple sclerosis: psychosocial mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine 2010;72(1):88-96. [DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181c68157] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McMillan 2011
    1. McMillan EM, Newhouse IJ. Exercise is an effective treatment modality for reducing cancer-related fatigue and improving physical capacity in cancer patients and survivors: a meta-analysis. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2011;36(6):892-903. [DOI: 10.1139/h11-082] - DOI - PubMed
Mendoza 1999
    1. Mendoza TR, Wang XS, Cleeland CS, Morrissey M, Johnson BA, Wendt JK, et al. The rapid assessment of fatigue severity in cancer patients: use of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Cancer 1999;85(5):1186-96. [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990301)85:5<1186::AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-N] - DOI - PubMed
Mishra 2012a
    1. Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Snyder C, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No: CD007566. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007566.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mishra 2012b
    1. Mishra SI, Scherer RW, Geigle PM, Berlanstein DR, Topaloglu O, Gotay CC, et al. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. Art. No: CD008465. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008465.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Musoro 2023
    1. Musoro JZ, Coens C, Sprangers MA, Brandberg Y, Groenvold M, Fletchner HH, et al. Minimally important differences for interpreting EORTC QLQ-C30 change scores over time: a synthesis across 21 clinical trials involving nine different cancer types. EJC 2023;188:171-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.04.027] - DOI - PubMed
Mustian 2008
    1. Mustian KM, Palesh O, Heckler CE, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR, Jacobs A, et al. Cancer-related fatigue interferes with activities of daily living among 753 patients receiving chemotherapy: a URCC CCOP study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2008;26(15):9500. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.9500] - DOI
NCCN 2022
    1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer-related fatigue. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/fatigue.pdf (accessed prior to 17 February 2022).
Nordin 2016
    1. Nordin A, Taft C, Lundgren-Nilsson A, Dencker A. Minimal important differences for fatigue patient reported outcome measures – a systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2016;16:62. [DOI: 10.1186/s12874-016-0167-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
O'Higgins 2018
    1. O'Higgins CM, Brady B, O'Connor B, Walsh D, Reilly RB. The pathophysiology of cancer-related fatigue: current controversies. Supportive Care in Cancer 2018;26(10):3353-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4318-7] - DOI - PubMed
Page 2023
    1. Page MJ, Higgins JP, Sterne JA. Chapter 13: Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Phillips 2013
    1. Phillips KM, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Sotomayor E, Lee MR, Jim HS, Small BJ, et al. Quality of life outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a controlled comparison. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21(4):1097-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1630-5] - DOI - PubMed
Quinten 2011
    1. Quinten C, Maringwa J, Gotay CC, Martinelli F, Coens C, Reeve BB, et al. Patient self-reports of symptoms and clinician ratings as predictors of overall cancer survival. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2011;103(24):1851-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr485] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rendeiro 2021
    1. Rendeiro JA, Rodrigues CA, Barros Rocha L, Rocha RS, Da Silva ML, Da Costa Cunha K. Physical exercise and quality of life in patients with prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Supportive Care in Cancer 2021;29(9):4911-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06095-y] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan 2022 [Computer program]
    1. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 4.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2022. Available at https://revman.cochrane.org.
Ripamonti 2018
    1. Ripamonti CI, Antonuzzo A, Bossi P, Cavalieri S, Roila F, Fatigoni S. Fatigue, a major still underestimated issue. Current Opinion in Oncology 2018;30(4):219-25. [DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000451] - DOI - PubMed
Rock 2022
    1. Rock CL, Thomson CA, Sullivan KR, Howe CL, Kushi LH, Caan JB, et al. American Cancer Society nutrition and physical activity guideline for cancer survivors. CA - A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2022;72(3):230-62. [DOI: 10.3322/caac.21719] - DOI - PubMed
Roila 2019
    1. Roila F, Fumi G, Ruggeri B, Antonuzzo A, Ripamonti C, Fatigoni S, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of fatigue in oncological cancer patients in Italy: a cross-sectional study of the Italian Network for Supportive Care in Cancer (NICSO). Supportive Care in Cancer 2019;27:1041-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4393-9] - DOI - PubMed
Ruiz‐Casado 2021
    1. Ruiz-Casado A, Álvarez-Bustos A, Pedro C, Méndez-Otoro M, Romero-Elías M. Cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a review. Clinical Breast Cancer 2021;21(1):10-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.07.011] - DOI - PubMed
Schlittler 2016
    1. Schlittler M, Goiny M, Agudelo LZ, Venckunas T, Brazaitis M, Skurvydas A, et al. Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2016;310(10):836-40. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2016] - DOI - PubMed
Schmidt 2020
    1. Schmidt ME, Hermann S, Arndt V, Steindorf K. Prevalence and severity of long-term physical, emotional, and cognitive fatigue across 15 different cancer entities. Cancer Medicine 2020;9(21):8053-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3413] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Schmitz 2010
    1. Schmitz KH, Courneya KS, Matthews C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Galvão DA, Pinto BM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2010;42(7):1409-26. [DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112] - DOI - PubMed
Schünemann 2023
    1. Schünemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl EA, Skoetz N, et al. Chapter 14: Completing 'Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Available from training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Scott 2017
    1. Scott K, Posmontier B. Exercise interventions to reduce cancer-related fatigue and improve health-related quality of life in cancer patients. Holistic Nursing Practice 2017;31(2):66-79. [DOI: 10.1097/hnp.0000000000000194] - DOI - PubMed
Segal 2003
    1. Segal RJ, Reid RD, Courneya KS, Malone SC, Parliament MB, Scott CG, et al. Resistance exercise in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(9):1653-9. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.09.534] - DOI - PubMed
Sharour 2020
    1. Sharour LA. Cancer-related fatigue, laboratory markers as indicators for nutritional status among patients with colorectal cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 2020;72(6):903-8. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1669674] - DOI - PubMed
Signal 2014
    1. Signal NE. Strength training after stroke: rationale, evidence and potential implementation barriers for physiotherapists. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2014;42(2):101-7.
Smets 1995
    1. Smets EM, Garssen B, Bonke BD, De Haes JC. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1995;39(3):315-25. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-O] - DOI - PubMed
Smith 2019
    1. Smith TG, Troeschel AN, Castro KM, Arora NK, Stein K, Lipscomb J, et al. Perceptions of patients with breast and colon cancer of the management of cancer-related pain, fatigue, and emotional distress in community oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2019;37(19):1666-76. [DOI: 10.1200/JCO.18.01579] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Steindorf 2014
    1. Steindorf K, Schmidt ME, Klassen O, Ulrich CM, Oelmann J, Habermann N, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of resistance training in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy: results on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life. Annals of Oncology 2014;25(11):2237-43. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu374] - DOI - PubMed
Thomsen 2024
    1. Thomsen SN, Lucia A, Spence RR, Benatti FB, Joyner MJ, Berg RM, et al. First, do no harm: a call to action to improve the evaluation of harms in clinical exercise research. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2024;58(12):636-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107579] - DOI - PubMed
Tian 2016
    1. Tian L, Lu HJ, Lin L, Hu Y. Effects of aerobic exercise on cancer-related fatigue: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Supportive Care in Cancer 2016;24(2):969-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2953-9] - DOI - PubMed
Wang 2014
    1. Wang XS, Zhao F, Fisch MJ, O'Mara AM, Cella D, Mendoza TR, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of moderate to severe fatigue: a multicenter study in cancer patients and survivors. Cancer 2014;120(3):425-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28434] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yang 2019
    1. Yang S, Chu S, Gao Y, Ai Q, Liu Y, Li X, et al. A narrative review of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) and its possible pathogenesis. Cells 2019;8(7):738. [DOI: 10.3390/cells8070738] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Yellen 1997
    1. Yellen SB, Cella DF, Webster K, Blendowski C, Kaplan E. Measuring fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) measurement system. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1997;13(2):63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/s0885-3924(96)00274-6] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Zigmond 1983
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1983;67(6):361-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x] - DOI - PubMed
Zou 2014
    1. Zou LY, Yang L, He HL, Sun M, Xu JJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Tumor Biology 2014;35(6):5659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1749-8] - DOI - PubMed
Álvarez‐Bustos 2021
    1. Álvarez-Bustos A, Predro CG, Romero-Elías M, Ramos J, Osorio P, Cantos B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer 2021;29:6523-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06218-5] - DOI - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Ernst 2022
    1. Ernst M, Andreas M, Wagner C, Cryns N, Oeser A, Messer S, et al. Exercise for fatigue in people with cancer during and after active treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 3. Art. No: CD015211. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015211] - DOI

LinkOut - more resources