Conflict of interest: R. Borie has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, grants or contracts from Boehringer Ingelheim, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and Ferrer, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim. P. Bonniaud has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, a research grant from AstraZeneca, payment or honoraria for symposia from Sanofi and AstraZeneca, support for attending medical and research meetings from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi, Boehringer and Stallergene, and personal fees for advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline and Boehringer. B. Crestani has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, grants or contracts from Boehringer Ingelheim, consulting fees, payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events, support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi and Chiesi; he has participated in data safety monitoring board or advisory board for BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Horizon and Sanofi, and is the president of the board of trustees of the Fondation du Souffle (a French charity). M-P. Debray has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK and Sanofi. D. Israel-Biet has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, consulting fees and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim. V. Cottin has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, an unrestricted grant (paid to institution) from Boehringer Ingelheim, consulting fees, payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events, support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Celgene, CSL (Behring, Vifor), Ferrer/United Therapeutics, GSK, Pliant, PureTech, RedX, Roche, Sanofi, Shionogi and Vifor; he has participated in data safety monitoring boards for Galapagos, Galecto, GSK and Molecure, and has been in an adjudication committee for Fibrogen. S. Quetant has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, support for attending meetings and personal fees for advisory board work from Boehringer Ingelheim. A. Guillaumot has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, honoraria for presentations from Boehringer Ingelheim and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring and GSK. S. Hirschi-Santelmo has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, grants or contracts from l'Agence de la biomédecine, honoraria for presentations or expertise from Boehringer Ingelheim, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from CSL Behring and Boehringer Ingelheim. P-Y. Brillet has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi, and support for attending a national meeting from Boehringer Ingelheim. S. Marchand-Adam has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, an unrestricted grant (paid to institution) from Boehringer Ingelheim, consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, and support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim. V. Valentin, has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim. Y. Uzunhan has received over the past 3 years, outside the submitted work, grants or contracts from Oxyvie, consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer, payments or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim and CSL Vifor, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Oxyvie and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has participated in data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for Boehringer Ingelheim. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.