Correlation analysis of myopia and dietary factors among primary and secondary school students in Shenyang, China

Abstract

Currently, the global prevalence of myopia is high and on the rise, seriously affecting the health of students. Studies have suggested that dietary factors may be associated with the occurrence and development of myopia, but the results are inconsistent. This survey aims to analyze the correlation between dietary factors and myopia while controlling for more confounding factors. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was performed to select 10,619 primary and secondary school students in Shenyang for visual examination, and questionnaires were administered to 6974 of them. Logistic regression was performed with myopia as the dependent variable and the variables with p < 0.1 in the univariate analysis as independent variables. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using propensity score matching. The results showed that the overall prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Shenyang was 59.1%, with mild myopia predominating. Students who ate fresh fruits two or more times a day had a 0.69 times lower risk of myopia compared to those who did not eat fruits (95% CI 0.50-0.97). However, subgroup analysis demonstrated that this protective effect was only significant for male students, with an OR of 0.59 (95% CI 0.38-0.91). Moreover, female students who consumed sugary beverages once or more a day had a 1.8 times higher risk of myopia compared to those who did not consume sugary beverages (95% CI 1.03-3.15). Vegetable consumption, intake of fried foods, and breakfast habits were not significantly associated with myopia. In summary, excessive consumption of sugary beverages could increase the risk of myopia, especially in female students, whereas fruit intake contributed to reducing the risk of myopia, particularly in male students.

Keywords: Dietary factors; Myopia; Prevalence; Risk factors; Students.

Fig. 1

The prevalence of myopia among students in Shenyang.

Fig. 2

Prevalence of myopia in different age groups by sex.

Fig. 3

Forest plot of logistic regression for sex subgroups. (A) Univariate and multivariate analysis of the correlation between dietary factors and myopia in males; (B) univariate and multivariate analysis of the correlation between dietary factors and myopia in females.

Fig. 4

Forest plot of multivariate logistic regression between dietary factors and myopia after propensity score matching.

Fig. 5

Forest plot of sex subgroups for multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association between dietary factors and myopia after propensity score matching.