Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Jan-Dec:18:17534666241274261.
doi: 10.1177/17534666241274261.

Content validity of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in adults with refractory or unexplained chronic cough: a qualitative interview study

Allison Martin Nguyen  1 , Carmen La Rosa  1 , Alexandra G Cornell  1 , Mandel R Sher  2 , Jonathan A Bernstein  3   4 , Surinder S Birring  5 , Carla DeMuro Romano  6 , Margaret Mayorga  6 , Mirline Milien  6 , Claire Ervin  7
Affiliations

Content validity of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire in adults with refractory or unexplained chronic cough: a qualitative interview study

Allison Martin Nguyen et al. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2024 Jan-Dec.

Abstract

Background: Chronic cough, a cough lasting >8 weeks, includes refractory chronic cough (RCC) and unexplained chronic cough (UCC). Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are needed to better understand chronic cough impacts that matter most to patients. The 19-item Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), an existing PRO measure of chronic cough, assesses impacts of cough across physical, psychological, and social domains. However, the content validity of the LCQ evaluating these concepts in patients with RCC/UCC had not been established.

Objectives: To evaluate the content validity of the LCQ in patients with RCC/UCC.

Design: A cross-sectional, qualitative interview study.

Methods: First, previously completed qualitative interview results in adults with RCC/UCC (N = 30) were evaluated and mapped to LCQ concepts. Next, a clinical cough expert reviewed each LCQ item and assessed the salience of its concepts for patients with RCC/UCC. Finally, semistructured interviews-including both concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing-were conducted in adults with RCC/UCC (N = 20) to elicit a comprehensive set of participant experiences and to assess the appropriateness of using the LCQ in this population.

Results: Concepts reported in the past and present qualitative interviews were included across all LCQ items, and most impacts reported to be the "most bothersome" were assessed in the LCQ. In the current study, all participants indicated that reduced cough frequency would be an important treatment target. During cognitive debriefing, each LCQ item was endorsed by ⩾70% of participants. Additionally, participants were generally able to understand, recall, and select a response for each LCQ item. All participants and the clinical expert indicated that the LCQ was appropriate and assessed the impacts most relevant to patients with RCC/UCC.

Conclusion: Our findings support the content validity of the LCQ and demonstrate that this measure is fit-for-purpose and includes important cough impacts in adults with RCC/UCC.

Keywords: Leicester Cough Questionnaire; chronic cough; content validity; cough-specific health-related quality of life; patient-reported outcome; qualitative interviews; refractory chronic cough; unexplained chronic cough.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

A.M. Nguyen, C. La Rosa, and A.G. Cornell are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and hold shares and/or stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. M.R. Sher is a Clinical investigator, Consultant and Speaker for Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. J.A. Bernstein is a principal investigator and consultant for both GSK and Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. S.S. Birring has received consultancy fees, research grants, and LCQ developer fees from Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. C.D. Romano, M. Mayorga, M. Milien, and C. Ervin are full-time employees of RTI Health Solutions, an independent nonprofit research organization, which was retained by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, to conduct the research which is the subject of this manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Experiences of Cough Reported During Concept Elicitation, Representative Quotes. RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Most Bothersome Impacts of Cough Reported by ≥2 Participants During Concept Elicitation Participants commonly reported more than 1 most bothersome aspect. Most bothersome aspects, each reported by a single participant (n = 1), included phlegm, coughing bout frequency, unspecified physical pain, interfered with life enjoyment, hoarse voice, urinary incontinence, coughing severity, and physical activity. RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Treatment Benefits Reported During Concept Elicitation, Representative Quotes RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Representative Quotes Reported During Cognitive Debriefing of the LCQ Instructions, Response Options, and Recall Period LCQ, Leicester Cough Questionnaire; RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Number of Participants That Reported Experiencing Each LCQ Concept During Cognitive Debriefing. For each item, the number of participants spontaneously reporting the concept, as well as the number of participants who endorsed the concept (either in the past 2 weeks or ever) when probed/shown the LCQ item, is reported. LCQ, Leicester Cough Questionnaire.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Representative Quotes Reported During Item-Specific Cognitive Debriefing of the LCQ LCQ, Leicester Cough Questionnaire; RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Representative Quotes Reported (A) During Cognitive Debriefing of the LCQ or (B) When Asked About the Overall Comprehensiveness of the LCQ. LCQ, Leicester Cough Questionnaire; RCC, refractory chronic cough; UCC, unexplained chronic cough.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Song WJ, Chang YS, Faruqi S, et al. The global epidemiology of chronic cough in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45(5): 1479–1481. - PubMed
    1. Yang X, Chung KF, Huang K. Worldwide prevalence, risk factors and burden of chronic cough in the general population: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15(4): 2300–2313. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kum E, Guyatt GH, Devji T, et al. Cough symptom severity in patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough: a systematic survey and conceptual framework. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30(161): 210104. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Irwin RS, Baumann MH, Bolser DC, et al. Diagnosis and management of cough executive summary: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2006; 129(1 Suppl.): 1s–23s. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gibson P, Wang G, McGarvey L, et al. Treatment of unexplained chronic cough: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016; 149(1): 27–44. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources