Feeding cessation and antibiotics improve clinical symptoms and alleviate gut and systemic inflammation in preterm pigs sensitive to necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a microbiota- and feeding-related gut inflammatory disease in preterm infants. The standard of care (SOC) treatment for suspected NEC is antibiotic treatment and reduced enteral feeding, but how SOC treatment mitigates NEC remains unclear. We explored whether SOC treatment alone or combined with an anti-inflammatory protein (inter-alpha inhibitor protein, IAIP) supplementation improves outcomes in a preterm piglet model of formula-induced NEC. Seventy-one cesarean-delivered preterm piglets were initially fed formula, developing NEC symptoms by day 3, and then randomized into CON (continued feeding) or SOC groups (feeding cessation and antibiotics), each with or without human IAIP (2×2 factorial design). By day 5, IAIP treatment did not significantly influence outcomes, whereas SOC treatment effectively reduced NEC lesions, diarrhea, and bloody stools. Notably, SOC treatment improved gut morphology and function, dampened gut inflammatory responses, altered the colonic microbiota composition, and modulated systemic immune responses. Plasma proteomic analysis revealed the effects of SOC treatment on organ development and systemic inflammatory responses. Collectively, these findings suggest that SOC treatment significantly prevents NEC progression in preterm piglets via effects on gut structure, function, and microbiota, as well as systemic immune and inflammatory responses. Timely feeding cessation and antibiotics are critical factors in preventing NEC progression in preterm infants, while the benefits of additional human IAIP treatment remain to be established.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Colonic microbiota; Feeding cessation; Immunity; Inter-alpha inhibitor protein; Necrotizing enterocolitis; Standard of care.