Association of Weight Status and Waist Circumference with Physical Activity in people with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and healthy controls

Abstract

Background: Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD) often suffer from obesity and do limited Physical Activity (PA). PA has many beneficial effects on a variety of somatic and mental variables and it should be strengthened among people with mental disorders. The relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), and PA in this population is poorly understood, with a lack of precise PA assessment. This study investigates the association between BMI, WC, weight, and PA in individuals with SSD and controls using accelerometers.

Methods: One hundred twenty-six patients with SSD (residents and outpatients) and 110 sex- and age-matched controls were enrolled. Clinical, sociodemographic, and quality-of-life data were collected. PA was measured with a tri-axial ActiGraph GT9X and quantified by Vector Magnitude (VM). Relationships between PA and BMI, WC, and weight changes were analysed using linear regression models.

Results: Patients were more likely to be unmarried, unemployed, and less educated compared to controls (p < 0.001). Residents had more medical comorbidities (p = 0.001), while outpatients had higher BMI, weight, and WC (p < 0.001). Residents reported more severe psychopathology, lower functioning, and greater use of psychopharmacological medications (p < 0.001). Higher PA levels were not significantly associated with lower BMI, WC, or weight. Although not statistically significant, increased PA showed a trend towards lower obesity risk.

Conclusions: Sociodemographic, medical, and clinical characteristics of individuals with SSD define vulnerability factors that can inform tailored interventions to improve PA.

Keywords: Accelerometer; Body Mass Index; Physical Activity; Quality of Life; Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Obesity; Waist Circumference; Weight.