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. 2025 Sep;46(5):359-368.
doi: 10.4082/kjfm.23.0179. Epub 2024 Sep 11.

Association between use of combustible cigarettes and noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products and health-related quality of life in Korean men: a nationwide population-based study

Chae-Won Baek  1 , Joo-Hyun Park  1 , Do-Hoon Kim  1 , Hyun-Jin Kim  1 , An-Na Lee  1 , Jung-Hwa Shin  1 , Sung-Kwon Cho  1 , Hye-In Kim  1 , Ye-Ram Choi  1
Affiliations

Association between use of combustible cigarettes and noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products and health-related quality of life in Korean men: a nationwide population-based study

Chae-Won Baek et al. Korean J Fam Med. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

Background: Although the association between smoking and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been established, the effects of tobacco products, including combustible cigarettes (CCs) and non-combustible nicotine or tobacco products (NNTPs), on HRQoL remain unclear. This study examined the association between tobacco use and HRQoL in Korean men.

Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2020 were analyzed. A total of 16,429 male participants aged ≥19 years completed the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Impaired HRQoL was defined as scoring in the lowest 20% of the EQ-5D index and having some or extreme problems in the following five domains of the EQ-5D: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/ discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the risk of impaired HRQoL in current tobacco users.

Results: Current tobacco users exhibited a significantly higher risk of impaired HRQoL compared with never users (odds ratio [OR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.92). Compared to never users, current tobacco users reported more problems with mobility and pain/discomfort (all P<0.05). Moreover, compared with former tobacco users, current tobacco users had a higher risk of impaired HRQoL (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.18-2.17). Compared to former tobacco users, current tobacco users reported more problems with mobility and pain/discomfort (all P<0.05).

Conclusion: Use of CCs and NNTPs is associated with impaired HRQoL in Korean men. Therefore, further interventions for lifestyle modification and smoking cessation treatments are required to reduce the risk of impaired HRQoL among current tobacco users.

Keywords: Cigarette Smoking; Quality of Life; Smokers; Tobacco Products.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Figure. 1.
Figure. 1.
Flowchart of the study participants. EQ-5D, European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions; NNTP, noncombustible nicotine or tobacco product; CC, combustible cigarette.
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