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. 2024 Aug 12;16(8):e66718.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.66718. eCollection 2024 Aug.

Assessing the Histological Malignancy Grade of Olfactory Neuroblastoma Using the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Analysis

Hideomi Yamauchi  1 , Akira Baba  1 , Ryo Akao  1 , Satoshi Matsushima  1 , Akito Sano  1 , Masaharu Noguchi  1 , Kazuhiro Omura  2 , Teru Ebihara  2 , Nei Fukasawa  3 , Hiroya Ojiri  1
Affiliations

Assessing the Histological Malignancy Grade of Olfactory Neuroblastoma Using the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Histogram Analysis

Hideomi Yamauchi et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Introduction Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the upper nasal cavity. The Hyams classification is an important histological grading system for diagnosing recurrence and predicting survival in ONB. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis in distinguishing between high-grade and low-grade ONB based on the Hyams classification system. Methods This retrospective study included 17 patients (11 males, six females; mean age 54 years, range 29-84) diagnosed with ONB who underwent pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including diffusion-weighted imaging between December 2017 and September 2022. Two board-certified radiologists outlined the regions of interest on ADC maps of the tumors. Mean, minimum, maximum ADC, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy were calculated from the ADC histograms. Patients were divided into low-grade (Hyams I-II) and high-grade (Hyams III-IV) groups based on histopathological evaluation by a board-certified pathologist. ADC histogram parameters were compared between the two groups using Mann-Whitney U tests. Two-sided p-values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The study included 10 low-grade (two grade I, eight grade II) and seven high-grade (five grade III, one grade III/IV, one grade IV) ONB cases. Comparison between the low-grade and high-grade groups showed no statistically significant differences in any of the ADC histogram parameters analyzed: mean ADC (median 1.02 vs 0.95; p = 0.591), minimum ADC (0.84 vs 0.78; p = 0.494), maximum ADC (1.06 vs 1.19; p = 0.625), standard deviation (0.09 vs 0.14; p = 0.433), skewness (-0.48 vs -0.75; p = 0.133), kurtosis (2.79 vs 3.12; p = 0.161), and entropy (4.69 vs 5.06; p = 0.315). Conclusion This study demonstrated that ADC histogram analysis was unable to differentiate between high-grade and low-grade ONB based on the Hyams classification. The findings suggest that preoperative grading of ONB malignancy using ADC histogram parameters is challenging. Thus, grading based on preoperative imaging evaluation is difficult.

Keywords: adc; dwi; histogram analysis; hyams classification; mri; olfactory neuroblastoma.

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Conflict of interest statement

Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethical Review Committee of The Jikei University School of Medicine issued approval 35-172(11801). Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. The Jikei University School of Medicine issued approval IRB No. 35-172(11801). This study received Institutional Review Board approval (The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, IRB No. 35-172(11801)). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Olfactory neuroblastoma (Hyams III)
The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map shows a region of interest in the left nasal cavity lesion. The mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy of the ADCs were 1.11, 0.99, 1.29, 0.09, -0.753, 3.12, and 4.131, respectively
Figure 2
Figure 2. Olfactory neuroblastoma (Hyams II)
The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map shows a region of interest in the left nasal cavity lesion. The mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy of the ADCs were 0.75, 0.61, 0.94, 0.1, -0.54, 2.869, and 4.771, respectively
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