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. 2025 May;54(5):979-991.
doi: 10.1007/s00256-024-04779-0. Epub 2024 Sep 12.

Evaluation of MRI features of neuromas in oncological amputees, and the relation to pain

Eva van Vliet  1   2 , Floris V Raasveld  1   3   2 , Wen-Chih Liu  1   4 , Ian L Valerio  2 , Kyle R Eberlin  2 , Erik T Newman  5 , Mohamed Jarraya  6 , F Joseph Simeone  6 , Jad S Husseini  7
Affiliations

Evaluation of MRI features of neuromas in oncological amputees, and the relation to pain

Eva van Vliet et al. Skeletal Radiol. 2025 May.

Abstract

Objective: The impact of time on neuroma growth and morphology on pain intensity is unknown. This study aims to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) differences between symptomatic and non-symptomatic neuromas in oncological amputees, and whether time influences MRI-detected neuroma dimensions and their association with pain.

Material and methods: Oncological patients who underwent traditional extremity amputation were included. Post-amputation MRIs were assessed before decision for neuroma surgery. Chart review was performed for residual limb pain (numeric rating scale, 0-10) and the presence of neuropathic symptoms. Neuromas were classified as symptomatic or non-symptomatic, with neuroma size expressed as radiological neuroma-to-nerve-ratio (NNR).

Results: Among 78 neuromas in 60 patients, the median NNR was 2.0, and 56 neuromas (71.8%) were symptomatic with a median pain score of 3.5. NNR showed no association with symptomatology or pain intensity but correlated with a longer time-to-neuroma-excision interval and a smaller nerve caliber. Symptomatic neuromas were associated with lower extremity amputation, T2 heterogeneity, and the presence of heterotopic ossification. Lower extremity amputation, T2 heterogeneity, perineural edema, and presence of heterotopic ossification were associated with more painful neuromas.

Conclusion: MRI features associated with symptomatic neuromas and pain intensity were identified. Awareness of the potential clinical significance of these imaging features may help in the interpretation of MRI exams and may aid clinicians in patient selection for neuroma surgery in oncological amputees.

Keywords: Amputation; MRI; Neuroma; Neuropathic pain.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: Authors EV, FR, WL, MF, EN, MJ, FS, and JH have nothing to disclose. IV is a consultant for AxoGen Inc, Checkpoint Surgical Inc, Integra Lifesciences Inc. KE is a consultant for AxoGen Inc, Checkpoint Surgical Inc, Integra Lifesciences Inc, Tulavi Therapeutics Inc, Tissium and BioCircuit.

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