MGW and HW contributed equally as first authors. RKA and TJ are joint final authors. MGW, HW, HR, SK, SS, AS, ET, NB, and RKA report funding for this project from the University of Calgary (Transdisciplinary Connector Grant), Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and the Public Health Agency of Canada (through Canada's COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, 2021-HQ-00056). MGW, HW, HR, SK, SS, AS, ET, NB, and RKA report additional separate funding from the Canadian Medical Association Joule Innovation Fund, WHO, the Robert Koch Institute, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. RKA is employed at OpenAI and receives equity compensation as part of the standard compensation package; RKA was also previously a venture fellow at Flagship Pioneering, minority shareholder of Alethea Medical, and has received funding from the Rhodes Trust and Open Philanthropy. YR, SA, TJ, and MC report funding for this project from European Commission ReCoDID and Contagio grants (EC/825746 and EC/101137283). YR, TJ, and MC report additional funding, unrelated to this project, from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Serosurveillance Grant (GATES/INV-039656) and the Center for Disease Control Air Quality Contract (CDC/75D30123C17606). TJ and SA report funding for this project from the German Research Foundation (grant number 451956976). We thank our talented research team and many alumni of the SeroTracker group, as well as the team working at the Universities of Heidelberg and Colorado. We also thank colleagues at WHO, attendees of the ReCoDID/CONTAGIO meeting held in Heidelberg in 2023, collaborators at the emeritus COVID-19 Immunity Task Force, and colleagues affiliated with the Centre for Health Informatics for helpful discussions. We are also grateful for the support and mentorship of leadership and operations staff at the UCalgary Centre for Health Informatics. This Correspondence does not necessarily reflect the views of WHO or any other funder.