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Review
. 2024 Sep 2;25(17):9526.
doi: 10.3390/ijms25179526.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Research Process in Cardiovascular Diseases

Haoyuan Deng  1 , Ding Ding  2 , Yu Ma  3 , Hao Zhang  2 , Ningning Wang  1 , Cong Zhang  1 , Guang Yang  1
Affiliations
Review

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Research Process in Cardiovascular Diseases

Haoyuan Deng et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential metabolite that plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, including energy metabolism, gene expression, DNA repair, and mitochondrial function. An aberrant NAD+ level mediates the development of cardiovascular dysfunction and diseases. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a NAD+ precursor, alleviates the development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Importantly, NMN has suggested pharmacological activities mostly through its involvement in NAD+ biosynthesis. Several clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of NMN supplementation, indicating its potential role in cardiovascular protection without significant adverse effects. In this review, we systematically summarize the impact of NMN as a nutraceutical and potential therapeutic drug on cardiovascular diseases and emphasize the correlation between NMN supplementation and cardiovascular protection.

Keywords: NAD+; cardiovascular diseases; nicotinamide mononucleotide; nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The pathway of NMN to NAD+ biosynthesis. The salvage pathway is mainly the manner for intracellular NAD+ biosynthesis. The degradation of NAD+ to NAM replenishes the intracellular NAD+ levels, which is essential for maintaining NAD+ homeostasis. Exogenous NMN enters into cells depending on two ways, including the NR-NRK pathway and Slc12a8 transporter, to participate in NAD+ biosynthesis. NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAM: nicotinamide; NR: nicotinamide riboside; NMNAT: nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase; NAMPT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase; NRK1: nicotinamide riboside kinase 1; NRK2: nicotinamide riboside kinase 2; ENTs: equilibrative nucleoside transporters; NADP+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
NMN ameliorates cardiovascular diseases via various signaling pathways. NMN and NAD+ precursors are potential molecules for the therapy of diverse cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, arrhythmia, and other cardiovascular diseases. NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAM: nicotinamide; NR: nicotinamide riboside; COX2: cyclooxygenases 2; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; Sirt 1: Sirtuin 1; Sirt 3: Sirtuin 3; FoxO1: Forkhead box O1; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: nitric oxide.
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