Challenging the law of least effort

Abstract

Popular conceptions hold that effort is costly and aversive, causing people to generally avoid effort unless justified. We critically discuss evolutionary, phenomenological, and behavioral arguments supporting this "law of least effort", proposing that people may approach effort without direct extrinsic benefits. First, a "need for effort" is functional for health and learning. Second, experiencing contingency of effort and reward in the context of broader goals may lead to effort-seeking behavior. Moreover, beliefs with implications for the meaning of effort (e.g., as signaling difficulty or lack of talent) predict effort preferences. Thus, evolutionary, developmental, and social-cognitive factors may drive the pursuit of challenging goals that lie beyond life necessities but are essential for improvement and long-term development.

Keywords: Effort avoidance; Effort beliefs; Intrinsic motivation; Learned industriousness; Need for effort.