Gut microbiome: A revolution in type II diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has experienced a dramatic increase globally across countries of various income levels over the past three decades. The persistent prevalence of T2DM is attributed to a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While numerous pharmaceutical therapies have been developed, there remains an urgent need for innovative treatment approaches that offer effectiveness without significant adverse effects. In this context, the exploration of the gut microbiome presents a promising avenue. Research has increasingly shown that the gut microbiome of individuals with T2DM exhibits distinct differences compared to healthy individuals, suggesting its potential role in the disease's pathogenesis and progression. This emerging field offers diverse applications, particularly in modifying the gut environment through the administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiome transfer. These inter-ventions aim to restore a healthy microbiome balance, which could potentially alleviate or even reverse the metabolic dysfunctions associated with T2DM. Although current results from clinical trials have not yet shown dramatic effects on diabetes management, the groundwork has been laid for deeper investigation. Ongoing and future clinical trials are critical to advancing our understanding of the microbiome's impact on diabetes. By further elucidating the mechanisms through which microbiome alterations influence insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, researchers can develop more targeted interventions. The potential to harness the gut microbiome in developing new therapeutic strategies offers a compelling prospect to transform the treatment landscape of T2DM, potentially reducing the disease's burden significantly with approaches that are less reliant on traditional pharmaceuticals and more focused on holistic, systemic health improvements.

Keywords: Fecal microbiota transplantation; Gut microbiome; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Type II diabetes.

Figure 1

Communication channels of the gut with various systems of the body through metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids.

Figure 2

Microbiota profile variation in type II diabetes mellitus. DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Figure 3

Metabolite breakdown products of gut microbiome. GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1.