Magnetic resonance imaging-based machine learning classification of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Recent advances in multivariate pattern recognition have fostered the search for reliable neuroimaging-based biomarkers in psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. These approaches consider the complex pattern of alterations in brain function and structure, overcoming the limitations of traditional univariate methods. To assess the reliability of neuroimaging-based biomarkers and the contribution of study characteristics in distinguishing individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) from healthy controls (HCs), we conducted a systematic review of the studies that used multivariate pattern recognition for this objective.

Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies on SSD classification using multivariate pattern analysis on magnetic resonance imaging data. We employed a bivariate random-effects meta-analytic model to explore the classification of sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) across studies while also evaluating the moderator effects of clinical and non-clinical variables.

Results: A total of 119 studies (with 12,723 patients with SSD and 13,196 HCs) were identified. The meta-analysis estimated a SE of 79.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.1%-81.0%) and a SP of 80.0% (95% CI, 77.8%-82.0%). In particular, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning scores, age, age of onset, duration of untreated psychosis, deep learning, algorithm type, features selection, and validation methods had significant effects on classification performance.

Conclusions: Multivariate pattern analysis reliably identifies neuroimaging-based biomarkers of SSD, achieving ∼80% SE and SP. Despite clinical heterogeneity, discernible brain modifications effectively differentiate SSD from HCs. Classification performance depends on patient-related and methodological factors crucial for the development, validation, and application of prospective models in clinical settings.

Keywords: classification; machine learning; magnetic resonance imaging; meta‐analysis; schizophrenia.

Fig. 1

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) flowchart for the meta‐analysis of imaging articles using machine learning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. HC, healthy control; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SE, sensitivity; SP, specificity.

Fig. 2

Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve of the Reitsma model with the summary sensitivity and false‐positive rate. DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; rs‐fMRI, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging; task‐fMRI, task‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging.