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Review
. 2025 Aug;48(4):1575-1589.
doi: 10.1007/s10753-024-02148-6. Epub 2024 Sep 19.

IL-33 in Ischemic Stroke: Brain vs. Periphery

Khiany Mathias  1   2 , Richard Simon Machado  1   2 , Anita Dal Bó Tiscoski  1 , David Dos Santos  1 , Fabricio Weinheimer Lippert  1 , Maiara Aguiar Costa  1 , Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves  1 , Jaqueline Silva Generoso  1 , Josiane Somariva Prophiro  2 , Amanda Della Giustina  3 , Fabricia Petronilho  4
Affiliations
Review

IL-33 in Ischemic Stroke: Brain vs. Periphery

Khiany Mathias et al. Inflammation. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Cerebrovascular disease is the second-leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with stroke being the most common cause. In ischemic stroke, several processes combine to produce immunosuppression, leaving the post-stroke body susceptible to infection, which in turn affects neuroinflammation. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the interleukin-1 family (IL-1), functions as a modulator of immune responses and inflammation, playing a crucial role in the establishment of immunologic responses. IL-33 has been shown to have a protective effect on brain injury and represents a potential target by modulating inflammatory cytokines and stimulating immune regulatory cells. With an emphasis on preclinical and clinical studies, this review covers the impact of IL-33 on immune system mechanisms following ischemic stroke.

Keywords: Immunosuppression; Inflammation; Interleukin-33; Ischemic stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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