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. 2024 Sep 18;14(40):29624-29635.
doi: 10.1039/d4ra06099g. eCollection 2024 Sep 12.

Enhanced properties of TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose films via eco-friendly non-pressurized hot water vapor treatment for sustainable and smart food packaging

Dieter Rahmadiawan  1   2 , Hairul Abral  3   4 , Muhammad Adlan Azka  5 , S M Sapuan  5 , Ratna Isnanita Admi  6 , Shih-Chen Shi  1 , Rahadian Zainul  7 , Azril  8 , Ahmad Zikri  9 , Melbi Mahardika  10
Affiliations

Enhanced properties of TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose films via eco-friendly non-pressurized hot water vapor treatment for sustainable and smart food packaging

Dieter Rahmadiawan et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Developing a simple and environmentally friendly method to vary the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of cellulose films is of great importance. This study aimed to characterize 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized bacterial cellulose (BC) films prepared using non-pressurized hot water vapor (NPHWV) method. A wet BC-pellicle that had been oxidized with TEMPO was treated with NPHWV for 60, 120, and 240 minutes, respectively. As a control, a TEMPO-oxidized BC (TOBC) film without NPHWV was prepared. The results show that the longer NPHWV duration of the TOBC film increased the tensile and thermal properties. This film became more hydrophobic and showed lower moisture absorption, thermal conductivity and organic solvent uptake, more crystalline structure, and higher fiber density after NPHWV treatment. The acquired results provide a simple, inexpensive, and ecologically friendly method for varying TOBC film properties.

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Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. FESEM morphology of the film surfaces of TNS (a), TS1 (b), TS2 (c), and TS4 (d).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. The FTIR spectrum of films with different treatments.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. XRD curves for all samples without and with NPHWV for the various duration.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Images of contact angles (θ) of water on different film surfaces of TNS (a), TS1 (b), TS2 (c), TS4 (d) analysed using image software.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Effect of steam treatments on organic solvent uptake (a) and moisture absorption performance (b) of films.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. Closed DC circuits (a and d). The 3 V LED connected with NTNS and NTS2 films (b and c) and TNS and TS4 films (e and f). The electrical resistance and conductivity value of the TOBC films at 50% RH (g).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. Tensile strength and modulus (a), and toughness and elongation at break (b) of all films.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Thermal properties TGA (a) and DTG (b) of all films.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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