Squeezing the quantum noise of a gravitational-wave detector below the standard quantum limit

Wenxuan Jia¹, Victoria Xu¹, Kevin Kuns¹, Masayuki Nakano², Lisa Barsotti¹, Matthew Evans¹, Nergis Mavalvala¹; members of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration†; R Abbott³, I Abouelfettouh⁴, R X Adhikari³, A Ananyeva³, S Appert³, K Arai³, N Aritomi⁴, S M Aston², M Ball⁵, S W Ballmer⁶, D Barker⁴, B K Berger⁷, J Betzwieser², D Bhattacharjee⁸, G Billingsley³, N Bode^{9

10}, E Bonilla⁷, V Bossilkov², A Branch², A F Brooks³, D D Brown¹¹, J Bryant¹², C Cahillane⁶, H Cao¹³, E Capote⁶, Y Chen¹⁴, F Clara⁴, J Collins², C M Compton⁴, R Cottingham², D C Coyne³, R Crouch⁴, J Csizmazia⁴, T J Cullen³, L P Dartez⁴, N Demos¹, E Dohmen⁴, J C Driggers⁴, S E Dwyer⁴, A Effler², A Ejlli¹⁵, T Etzel³, J Feicht³, R Frey⁵, W Frischhertz², P Fritschel¹, V V Frolov², P Fulda¹⁶, M Fyffe², D Ganapathy¹, B Gateley⁴, J A Giaime^{2

17}, K D Giardina², J Glanzer¹⁷, E Goetz¹⁸, A W Goodwin-Jones¹⁹, S Gras¹, C Gray⁴, D Griffith³, H Grote¹⁵, T Guidry⁴, E D Hall¹, J Hanks⁴, J Hanson², M C Heintze², A F Helmling-Cornell⁵, H Y Huang²⁰, Y Inoue²⁰, A L James¹⁵, A Jennings⁴, S Karat³, M Kasprzack³, K Kawabe⁴, N Kijbunchoo²¹, J S Kissel⁴, A Kontos²², R Kumar⁴, M Landry⁴, B Lantz⁷, M Laxen², K Lee²³, M Lesovsky³, F Llamas²⁴, M Lormand², H A Loughlin¹, R Macas²⁵, M MacInnis¹, C N Makarem³, B Mannix⁵, G L Mansell⁶, R M Martin²⁶, N Maxwell⁴, G McCarrol², R McCarthy⁴, D E McClelland²¹, S McCormick², L McCuller³, T McRae²¹, F Mera⁴, E L Merilh², F Meylahn^{9

10}, R Mittleman¹, D Moraru⁴, G Moreno⁴, M Mould¹, A Mullavey², T J N Nelson², A Neunzert⁴, J Oberling⁴, T O'Hanlon², C Osthelder³, D J Ottaway¹¹, H Overmier², W Parker², A Pele³, H Pham², M Pirello⁴, V Quetschke²⁴, K E Ramirez², J Reyes²⁶, J W Richardson¹³, M Robinson⁴, J G Rollins³, J H Romie², M P Ross²⁷, T Sadecki⁴, A Sanchez⁴, E J Sanchez³, L E Sanchez³, R L Savage⁴, D Schaetzl³, M G Schiworski¹¹, R Schnabel²⁸, R M S Schofield⁵, E Schwartz¹⁵, D Sellers², T Shaffer⁴, R W Short⁴, D Sigg⁴, B J J Slagmolen²¹, S Soni¹, L Sun²¹, D B Tanner¹⁶, M Thomas², P Thomas⁴, K A Thorne², C I Torrie³, G Traylor², G Vajente³, J Vanosky³, A Vecchio¹², P J Veitch¹¹, A M Vibhute⁴, E R G von Reis⁴, J Warner⁴, B Weaver⁴, R Weiss¹, C Whittle³, B Willke^{9

10}, C C Wipf³, H Yamamoto³, H Yu^{1

29}, L Zhang³, M E Zucker^{1

3}

Affiliations

¹ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
² LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA.
³ LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
⁴ LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
⁵ University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
⁶ Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
⁷ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
⁸ Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA.
⁹ Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
¹⁰ Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
¹¹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
¹² University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
¹³ University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
¹⁴ Theoretical Astrophysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
¹⁵ Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
¹⁶ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
¹⁷ Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
¹⁸ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
¹⁹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
²⁰ National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan.
²¹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
²² Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA.
²³ Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea.
²⁴ The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
²⁵ University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK.
²⁶ Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.
²⁷ University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
²⁸ Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
²⁹ Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.

PMID: 39298573
DOI: 10.1126/science.ado8069

Squeezing the quantum noise of a gravitational-wave detector below the standard quantum limit

Wenxuan Jia et al. Science. 2024.

. 2024 Sep 20;385(6715):1318-1321.

doi: 10.1126/science.ado8069. Epub 2024 Sep 19.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
² LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA.
³ LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
⁴ LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
⁵ University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
⁶ Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
⁷ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
⁸ Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA.
⁹ Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
¹⁰ Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
¹¹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
¹² University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
¹³ University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
¹⁴ Theoretical Astrophysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
¹⁵ Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
¹⁶ University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
¹⁷ Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
¹⁸ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
¹⁹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
²⁰ National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan.
²¹ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
²² Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 12504, USA.
²³ Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea.
²⁴ The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
²⁵ University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK.
²⁶ Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.
²⁷ University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
²⁸ Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
²⁹ Faculty of Physics and Research Network Quantum Aspects of Space Time, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.

PMID: 39298573
DOI: 10.1126/science.ado8069

Abstract

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that the position and momentum of an object cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrary precision, giving rise to an apparent limitation known as the standard quantum limit (SQL). Gravitational-wave detectors use photons to continuously measure the positions of freely falling mirrors and so are affected by the SQL. We investigated the performance of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) after the experimental realization of frequency-dependent squeezing designed to surpass the SQL. For the LIGO Livingston detector, we found that the upgrade reduces quantum noise below the SQL by a maximum of three decibels between 35 and 75 hertz while achieving a broadband sensitivity improvement, increasing the overall detector sensitivity during astrophysical observations.

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Pushing the boundaries of gravitational wave detection.
Aso Y. Aso Y. Science. 2024 Sep 20;385(6715):1275-1276. doi: 10.1126/science.ads1544. Epub 2024 Sep 19. Science. 2024. PMID: 39298612

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Squeezing the quantum noise of a gravitational-wave detector below the standard quantum limit

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Squeezing the quantum noise of a gravitational-wave detector below the standard quantum limit

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