Review

. 2024 Mar 8:2:1-19.

doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00103. eCollection 2024 Mar 1.

The past, present, and future of the brain imaging data structure (BIDS)

Russell A Poldrack¹, Christopher J Markiewicz¹, Stefan Appelhoff², Yoni K Ashar³, Tibor Auer^{4

5}, Sylvain Baillet⁶, Shashank Bansal⁷, Leandro Beltrachini⁸, Christian G Benar⁹, Giacomo Bertazzoli^{10

11

12

13

14}, Suyash Bhogawar¹⁵, Ross W Blair¹, Marta Bortoletto¹⁰, Mathieu Boudreau¹⁶, Teon L Brooks¹, Vince D Calhoun¹⁷, Filippo Maria Castelli^{18

19}, Patricia Clement^{20

21}, Alexander L Cohen²², Julien Cohen-Adad¹⁶, Sasha D'Ambrosio^{23

24}, Gilles de Hollander²⁵, María de la Iglesia-Vayá²⁶, Alejandro de la Vega²⁷, Arnaud Delorme²⁸, Orrin Devinsky²⁹, Dejan Draschkow³⁰, Eugene Paul Duff³¹, Elizabeth DuPre¹, Eric Earl³², Oscar Esteban³³, Franklin W Feingold¹, Guillaume Flandin³⁴, Anthony Galassi³², Giuseppe Gallitto^{35

36}, Melanie Ganz^{37

38}, Rémi Gau³⁹, James Gholam⁴⁰, Satrajit S Ghosh⁴¹, Alessio Giacomel⁴², Ashley G Gillman⁴³, Padraig Gleeson⁴⁴, Alexandre Gramfort⁴⁵, Samuel Guay⁴⁶, Giacomo Guidali⁴⁷, Yaroslav O Halchenko⁴⁸, Daniel A Handwerker³², Nell Hardcastle¹, Peer Herholz³⁹, Dora Hermes⁴⁹, Christopher J Honey⁵⁰, Robert B Innis³², Horea-Ioan Ioanas⁴⁸, Andrew Jahn⁵¹, Agah Karakuzu¹⁶, David B Keator^{52

53

54}, Gregory Kiar⁵⁵, Balint Kincses^{35

36}, Angela R Laird⁵⁶, Jonathan C Lau⁵⁷, Alberto Lazari⁵⁸, Jon Haitz Legarreta⁵⁹, Adam Li⁶⁰, Xiangrui Li⁶¹, Bradley C Love⁶², Hanzhang Lu⁶³, Eleonora Marcantoni⁶⁴, Camille Maumet⁶⁵, Giacomo Mazzamuto⁶⁶, Steven L Meisler⁶⁷, Mark Mikkelsen⁶⁸, Henk Mutsaerts^{69

70}, Thomas E Nichols⁷¹, Aki Nikolaidis⁷², Gustav Nilsonne^{73

74}, Guiomar Niso⁷⁵, Martin Norgaard^{32

37}, Thomas W Okell⁵⁸, Robert Oostenveld^{76

77}, Eduard Ort⁷⁸, Patrick J Park⁷⁹, Mateusz Pawlik⁸⁰, Cyril R Pernet³⁸, Franco Pestilli²⁷, Jan Petr⁸¹, Christophe Phillips⁸², Jean-Baptiste Poline³⁹, Luca Pollonini^{83

84}, Pradeep Reddy Raamana⁸⁵, Petra Ritter^{86

87

88

89

90}, Gaia Rizzo^{91

92}, Kay A Robbins⁹³, Alexander P Rockhill⁹⁴, Christine Rogers⁹⁵, Ariel Rokem⁹⁶, Chris Rorden⁹⁷, Alexandre Routier⁹⁸, Jose Manuel Saborit-Torres²⁶, Taylor Salo⁹⁹, Michael Schirner^{86

87

88

89

90}, Robert E Smith^{100

101}, Tamas Spisak^{35

102}, Julia Sprenger¹⁰³, Nicole C Swann¹⁰⁴, Martin Szinte¹⁰³, Sylvain Takerkart¹⁰³, Bertrand Thirion⁴⁵, Adam G Thomas³², Sajjad Torabian¹⁰⁵, Gael Varoquaux¹⁰⁶, Bradley Voytek¹⁰⁷, Julius Welzel¹⁰⁸, Martin Wilson¹⁰⁹, Tal Yarkoni¹¹⁰, Krzysztof J Gorgolewski¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³ University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
⁴ School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence and Informatics Group, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom.
⁶ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁷ Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
⁸ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
⁹ Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France.
¹⁰ Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹¹ Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
¹² Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
¹³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
¹⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
¹⁵ Rackspace Technology, San Antonio, TX, United States.
¹⁶ NeuroPoly Lab, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, United States.
¹⁸ European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁹ Bioretics srl, Cesena, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
²² Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
²³ Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁵ Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), UMIB-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
²⁸ SCCN, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
³⁰ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
³¹ UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
³² Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
³³ Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁴ Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
³⁵ Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁹ Neuro Data Science ORIGAMI Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁴⁰ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
⁴¹ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁴² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
⁴³ The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
⁴⁵ Inria, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
⁴⁶ Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology & NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁸ Center for Open Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH, United States.
⁴⁹ Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁵¹ Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁵² Change Your Brain Change Your Life Foundation, Costa Mesa, CA, United States.
⁵³ Amen Clinics, Costa Mesa, CA, United States.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
⁵⁵ Center for Data Analytics, Innovation, and Rigor, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁸ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁵⁹ Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Brigham/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
⁶⁰ Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
⁶¹ Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
⁶² University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁶³ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁶⁴ School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁶⁵ Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.
⁶⁶ National Research Council - National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy.
⁶⁷ Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁶⁸ Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
⁶⁹ Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁷² Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States.
⁷³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁴ Swedish National Data Service, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁷⁵ Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁶ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁷⁷ NatMEG, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Department of Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁷⁹ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁸⁰ Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria.
⁸¹ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.
⁸² GIGA CRC in vivo imaging, Liège University, Liege, Belgium.
⁸³ Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
⁸⁴ Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
⁸⁵ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
⁸⁶ Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁸ Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁹ Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁹⁰ Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany.
⁹¹ Invicro, London, United Kingdom.
⁹² Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁹³ Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
⁹⁵ McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (MCIN), Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
⁹⁸ Inria, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.
⁹⁹ Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹⁰⁰ The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰¹ The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Heath, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰² Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰³ Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
¹⁰⁵ University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
¹⁰⁶ Inria, Université Paris Saclay, Saclay, France.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
¹⁰⁸ Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
¹⁰⁹ Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁰ Google X. Mountain View, CA, United States.

PMID: 39308505
PMCID: PMC11415029
DOI: 10.1162/imag_a_00103

Review

The past, present, and future of the brain imaging data structure (BIDS)

Russell A Poldrack et al. Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2024.

. 2024 Mar 8:2:1-19.

doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00103. eCollection 2024 Mar 1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
² Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
³ University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
⁴ School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence and Informatics Group, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom.
⁶ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁷ Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
⁸ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
⁹ Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France.
¹⁰ Neurophysiology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
¹¹ Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, TN, Italy.
¹² Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
¹³ Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
¹⁴ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
¹⁵ Rackspace Technology, San Antonio, TX, United States.
¹⁶ NeuroPoly Lab, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, United States.
¹⁸ European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁹ Bioretics srl, Cesena, Italy.
²⁰ Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
²¹ Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
²² Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
²³ Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
²⁵ Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
²⁶ Center for Biomedical Research in Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), UMIB-FISABIO, Valencia, Spain.
²⁷ The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
²⁸ SCCN, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
³⁰ Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
³¹ UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
³² Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
³³ Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
³⁴ Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
³⁵ Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁸ Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁹ Neuro Data Science ORIGAMI Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁴⁰ Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom.
⁴¹ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁴² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
⁴³ The Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
⁴⁵ Inria, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
⁴⁶ Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology & NeuroMI - Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁸ Center for Open Neuroscience, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, NH, United States.
⁴⁹ Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁵¹ Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁵² Change Your Brain Change Your Life Foundation, Costa Mesa, CA, United States.
⁵³ Amen Clinics, Costa Mesa, CA, United States.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
⁵⁵ Center for Data Analytics, Innovation, and Rigor, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
⁵⁷ Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁵⁸ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁵⁹ Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General Brigham/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
⁶⁰ Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
⁶¹ Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
⁶² University College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁶³ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁶⁴ School for Psychology and Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁶⁵ Inria, Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn ERL U 1228, Rennes, France.
⁶⁶ National Research Council - National Institute of Optics (CNR-INO), Florence, Italy.
⁶⁷ Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁶⁸ Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
⁶⁹ Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁰ Amsterdam Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷¹ Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁷² Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, United States.
⁷³ Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁴ Swedish National Data Service, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁷⁵ Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
⁷⁶ Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
⁷⁷ NatMEG, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Department of Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁷⁹ Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
⁸⁰ Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria.
⁸¹ Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany.
⁸² GIGA CRC in vivo imaging, Liège University, Liege, Belgium.
⁸³ Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
⁸⁴ Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
⁸⁵ University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
⁸⁶ Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁷ Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁸ Bernstein Focus State Dependencies of Learning and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany.
⁸⁹ Einstein Center for Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁹⁰ Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany.
⁹¹ Invicro, London, United Kingdom.
⁹² Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
⁹³ Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
⁹⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
⁹⁵ McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (MCIN), Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
⁹⁶ Department of Psychology and eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
⁹⁷ Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
⁹⁸ Inria, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute, Paris, France.
⁹⁹ Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center (PennLINC), Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Lifespan Brain Institute (LiBI) of Penn Medicine and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹⁰⁰ The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰¹ The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Heath, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁰² Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁰³ Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
¹⁰⁵ University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
¹⁰⁶ Inria, Université Paris Saclay, Saclay, France.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, and Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
¹⁰⁸ Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
¹⁰⁹ Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
¹¹⁰ Google X. Mountain View, CA, United States.

PMID: 39308505
PMCID: PMC11415029
DOI: 10.1162/imag_a_00103

Abstract

The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a community-driven standard for the organization of data and metadata from a growing range of neuroscience modalities. This paper is meant as a history of how the standard has developed and grown over time. We outline the principles behind the project, the mechanisms by which it has been extended, and some of the challenges being addressed as it evolves. We also discuss the lessons learned through the project, with the aim of enabling researchers in other domains to learn from the success of BIDS.

Keywords: data organization; neuroimaging; neuroinformatics; standards.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Gaia Rizzo is an employee of Invicro. No other authors have competing interests to declare.

Figures

**Fig. 1.**
Figure 1, showing an example mapping from DICOM to BIDS. BIDS is a community-driven standard for organizing, naming, and annotating neuroimaging data that places a heavy emphasis on human- and machine-readability. Since its initial publication, BIDS has expanded from structural, functional, and diffusion MRI to incorporate other MR methodologies such as arterial spin labeling and other recording technologies such as electrophysiology. Reproduced from Gorgolewski et al. (2016), CC-BY.

**Fig. 2.**
A graphical timeline of the historical development of the BIDS project, including important publications, meetings, and other developments.

**Fig. 3.**
A snapshot of the whiteboard at the initial BIDS meeting (January 27-30, 2015), outlining the intended separation of a directory-based format (which would become BIDS) and a formal RDF-based description (which would become NIDM-Experiment).

**Fig. 4.**
Growing usage of BIDS over time. Left: Growth of the OpenNeuro database since its inception in 2017, adapted from (Markiewicz et al., 2021). Right: Cumulative number of unique T1-weighted anatomical (t1w) and BOLD images from BIDS datasets submitted to the MRIQC web API (Esteban, Blair, et al., 2019) from 2018 to June 2023. Source data and code to generate figures available at https://osf.io/x7fh8/.

**Fig. 5.**
Overview of BIDS Schema usage. In this example, BEP 030 (NIRS) introduces a file naming rule to the schema as part of the BEP process. The schema rule is used to render a file naming template in the specification. The BIDS Validator uses the rule to identify valid NIRS data files while rejecting improperly named files. Finally, third-party tools, such as a query library, may ingest the updated schema to automatically gain access to new features of BIDS.

**Fig. 6.**
A world map of the institutional locations of all coauthors on the present paper.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

The Past, Present, and Future of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS).
Poldrack RA, Markiewicz CJ, Appelhoff S, Ashar YK, Auer T, Baillet S, Bansal S, Beltrachini L, Benar CG, Bertazzoli G, Bhogawar S, Blair RW, Bortoletto M, Boudreau M, Brooks TL, Calhoun VD, Castelli FM, Clement P, Cohen AL, Cohen-Adad J, D'Ambrosio S, de Hollander G, de la Iglesia-Vayá M, de la Vega A, Delorme A, Devinsky O, Draschkow D, Duff EP, DuPre E, Earl E, Esteban O, Feingold FW, Flandin G, Galassi A, Gallitto G, Ganz M, Gau R, Gholam J, Ghosh SS, Giacomel A, Gillman AG, Gleeson P, Gramfort A, Guay S, Guidali G, Halchenko YO, Handwerker DA, Hardcastle N, Herholz P, Hermes D, Honey CJ, Innis RB, Ioanas HI, Jahn A, Karakuzu A, Keator DB, Kiar G, Kincses B, Laird AR, Lau JC, Lazari A, Legarreta JH, Li A, Li X, Love BC, Lu H, Marcantoni E, Maumet C, Mazzamuto G, Meisler SL, Mikkelsen M, Mutsaerts H, Nichols TE, Nikolaidis A, Nilsonne G, Niso G, Norgaard M, Okell TW, Oostenveld R, Ort E, Park PJ, Pawlik M, Pernet CR, Pestilli F, Petr J, Phillips C, Poline JB, Pollonini L, Raamana PR, Ritter P, Rizzo G, Robbins KA, Rockhill AP, Rogers C, Rokem A, Rorden C, Routier A, Saborit-Torres JM, Salo T, Schirner M, Smith RE, Spisak T, Sprenger J, Swann NC, Szinte M, Takerkart S, Thirion B,… See abstract for full author list ➔ Poldrack RA, et al. ArXiv [Preprint]. 2024 Jan 9:arXiv:2309.05768v2. ArXiv. 2024. Update in: Imaging Neurosci (Camb). 2024 Mar 08;2:1-19. doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00103. PMID: 37744469 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

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The past, present, and future of the brain imaging data structure (BIDS)

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The past, present, and future of the brain imaging data structure (BIDS)

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