Interjoint Coordination at Different Squatting Speeds in Healthy Adults

Abstract

Background Squatting is commonly used in various settings to enhance muscle strength and performance. Both fast and slow squats have advantages as training to improve muscle function in the lower extremity muscles. Movement speed affects the variability of interjoint coordination and decreased variability can lead to overuse injuries owing to repetitive mechanical loading on the lower extremity joints. However, only a few studies have focused on interjoint coordination during squatting. This study aimed to clarify the kinematic and kinetic differences, as well as the interjoint coordination, during squatting at different speeds. Methodology Healthy young participants with no locomotor disease were recruited to perform descending parallel squats at different speeds (one, three, and five seconds) using a 3D motion analysis system and force plates. Joint moments and continuous relative phases were calculated and compared between the conditions. Results There were no significant differences in the mean values of lower limb joint moments among the three speed conditions. However, the mean absolute values of the continuous relative phase between the ankle and hip joints and the mean standard deviation of the continuous relative phase between each lower limb joint were significantly lower in the high-speed condition than in the medium- and low-speed conditions. Additionally, in the high-speed condition, the knee joint moved ahead of the hip joint in the knee-hip joint phase coordination pattern. Conclusions The joint load per unit time remained constant across all speed conditions. High-speed squatting may adapt to mechanical loading on the joints, although the knee joint moves ahead of the hip joint, exhibiting a highly coordinated movement. Conversely, low-speed squatting may reduce the risk of disability owing to the high variability of interjoint coordination. Therefore, squatting training should be based on individual characteristics and objectives.

Keywords: continuous relative phase; interjoint coordination; joint moment; speed; squatting.

Figure 1. Interjoint coordination patterns.

(A) The CRP between the knee-hip joints. (B) The CRP between the ankle-hip joints. (C) The CRP between the ankle-knee joints. Positive CRP values indicate that the distal joint is moving first, while negative values indicate that the proximal joint is moving first. CRP = continuous relative phase