Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Sep 20;103(38):e39759.
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000039759.

Prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in North American region: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sabahat Zahra  1 , Muhammad Khurram Saleem  2 , Khawaja Faizan Ejaz  3 , Amna Akbar  4 , Sarosh Khan Jadoon  5 , Shoukat Hussain  6 , Amir Iqbal Ali  7 , Mehzabeen Ifty  8 , Sadia Zafur Jannati  8 , Fariza Armin  8 , Deepannita Sarker  8 , Dewan Zubaer Islam  9 , Shahad Saif Khandker  10 , Mohammad Saleem Khan  11 , Sarosh Alvi  12
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in North American region: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sabahat Zahra et al. Medicine (Baltimore). .

Abstract

Background: Nephropathy is one of the most common microvascular impediments of diabetes mellitus. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of nephropathy in diabetic patients across the North American region.

Methods: Eligible studies were screened out from 3 electronic databases, for example, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect using specific search keywords based on the eligibility criteria. Extracting the data from the included studies publication bias, quality assessment, outlier investigation, and meta-analysis was done followed by the subgroup analysis. A total of 11 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed with the extracted data.

Results: Pooled prevalence of 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.7-36.7) with a high rate of heterogeneity (I2 = 100%) was identified. The pooled prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients in the United States of America, Canada, and Mexico was 24.2% (95% CI: 13.8-34.5), 31.2% (95% CI: 25.8-36.5), and 31.1% (95% CI: 20.8-41.5), respectively.

Conclusion: The prevalence of nephropathy among diabetic patients was found lower in the United States of America as compared to Canada and Mexico. Besides, the pooled prevalence of the North American region was found to be lower as compared to the African, European, and Asian regions. Minimizing the pathogenic factors, sufficient diagnostic, healthcare facilities, and awareness are recommended to improve the situation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
PRISMA flow diagram. PRISMA = the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Geographical presentation of the prevalence of nephropathy among diabetes patients in the North American region.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of nephropathy among diabetes patients.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Forest plot of the prevalence of nephropathy among diabetes patients in (A) Canada, (B) USA, and (C) Mexico. USA = United States of America.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Funnel plot assessing publication bias.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Galbraith plot indicating outlier studies.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Forest plot of the prevalence of nephropathy among diabetes patients using random effect model (excluding outlier studies).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Forest plot of the prevalence of nephropathy among diabetes patients using fixed effect model (excluding outlier studies).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Blair M. Diabetes mellitus review. Urol Nurs. 2016;36:27–36. - PubMed
    1. Egan AM, Dinneen SF. What is diabetes? Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;42:679–81.
    1. Savitha A. The need for patient follow-up strategies to confirm diabetes mellitus in large scale opportunistic screening. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2016;10:LE01. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, et al. . Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020;10:14790. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. . IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–81. - PubMed