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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Sep 23;9(9):CD008552.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008552.pub8.

Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under

Rebecca K Hodder  1   2   3   4 , Kate M O'Brien  1   2   3   4 , Rebecca J Wyse  2   5 , Flora Tzelepis  2   3 , Serene Yoong  4   6 , Fiona G Stacey  2 , Luke Wolfenden  1   2   3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under

Rebecca K Hodder et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables in childhood increases the risk of future non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Testing the effects of interventions designed to increase children's consumption of fruit and vegetables, including those focused on specific child-feeding strategies or broader multicomponent interventions targeting the home or childcare environment, is required to assess the potential to reduce this disease burden.

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of interventions designed to increase the consumption of fruit, vegetables or both amongst children aged five years and under.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and two clinical trials registries to identify eligible trials on 25 March 2023. We searched Proquest Dissertations and Theses in December 2022. We reviewed reference lists of included trials and contacted authors of the included trials to identify further potentially relevant trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster-randomised controlled trials (C-RCTs) and cross-over trials, of any intervention primarily targeting consumption of fruit, vegetables or both amongst children aged five years and under compared to no-intervention control, and incorporating a dietary or biochemical assessment of fruit or vegetable consumption. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts of identified papers; a third review author resolved disagreements.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included trials; a third review author resolved disagreements. We used random-effects models in meta-analyses for the primary review outcomes where we identified sufficient trials. We calculated standardised mean differences (SMDs) to account for the heterogeneity of fruit and vegetable consumption measures. We conducted assessments of risks of bias and evaluated the certainty of evidence (GRADE approach) using Cochrane procedures.

Main results: We included 53 trials with 120 trial arms and 12,350 participants. Sixteen trials examined the impact of child-feeding practice interventions only (e.g. repeated food exposure) in increasing child vegetable intake. Twenty trials examined the impact of multicomponent interventions primarily conducted in the childcare setting (e.g. parent nutrition education and preschool policy changes) in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake. Seventeen trials examined the impact of parent nutrition education only in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake. Two trials examined the effect of a nutrition education intervention delivered to children only in increasing child fruit and vegetable intake and one each examined a child-focused mindfulness intervention or providing families with fruit and vegetable interventions. We judged nine of the 53 included trials as free from high risks of bias across all domains. Performance, detection and attrition bias were the most common domains judged at high risk of bias for the remaining trials. There is moderate-certainty evidence that child-feeding practice interventions versus no-intervention control probably have a small positive effect on child vegetable consumption, equivalent to an increase of 15.5 grams as-desired consumption of vegetables (SMD 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.65; 15 trials, 1976 participants; mean post-intervention follow-up = 12.3 weeks). No trials in this comparison reported information about intervention costs. One trial reported no harms or serious unintended adverse consequences (low-certainty evidence). Multicomponent interventions versus no-intervention control probably have a small effect on child consumption of fruit and vegetables (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.43; 14 trials, 4318 participants; moderate-certainty evidence; mean post-intervention follow-up = 4.0 weeks), equivalent to an increase of 0.34 cups of fruit and vegetables a day. One trial, which tested a multicomponent garden-based intervention, reported the installation of the garden as part of the intervention to be USD 1500 per childcare centre (low-certainty evidence). No trials in this comparison reported information about unintended adverse consequences of interventions. Parent nutrition education interventions may have little to no short-term impact on child consumption of fruit and vegetables versus no-intervention control (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.22; 14 trials, 4122 participants; low-certainty evidence; mean post-intervention follow-up = 6.4 weeks). One trial reported the total estimated cost of delivering a parent nutrition education intervention for infant feeding, physical activity and sedentary behaviours delivered by a dietitian as approximately AUD 500 per family (low-certainty evidence). One trial reported no unintended adverse consequences on family food expenditure following implementation of an intervention delivered over the telephone to improve parental knowledge and skills about the home food environment (low-certainty evidence). Trials reported receiving governmental or charitable funds, except for one trial reporting industry funding.

Authors' conclusions: There was moderate-certainty evidence that child-feeding practice interventions and multicomponent interventions probably lead to only small increases in fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under. Parent nutrition education interventions may have little or no effect on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children aged five years and under. Future research should be prioritised on assessment and reporting of both intervention cost and adverse effects, and development and evaluation of interventions in research gaps, including in a broader range of settings and in low- and middle-income countries. This review continues to be maintained as a living systematic review with monthly searches for new evidence and incorporation of relevant new evidence as it becomes available. Please refer to the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the current status of this review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Rebecca K Hodder: none known

Kate M O'Brien: none known

Rebecca J Wyse: is involved with past and ongoing trials that have been considered for inclusion in this review (Yoong 2020) and is an author on an included randomised trial of an intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption (Wyse 2012). This review author was not involved in the determination of trial eligibility, data extraction, risk of bias assessment or performance of GRADE assessments for any potentially eligible trial that they were involved in. Otherwise, the author declares no known conflicts of interest. She has not received any benefit, in cash or kind, any hospitality, or any subsidy derived from the food industry or any other source perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review.

Flora Tzelepis: none known

Sze Lin Yoong: is involved with past and ongoing trials that have been considered for inclusion in this review (Yoong 2016; Yoong 2019; Yoong 2020). SLY has also published extensively on interventions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in young children. This includes a recent Cochrane review examining childcare‐based nutrition interventions (Yoong 2023). SLY was involved in the long‐term follow‐up data collection for Wyse 2012. This review author was not involved in the determination of trial eligibility, data extraction, risk of bias assessment or performance of GRADE assessments for any potentially eligible trial that they were involved in. Otherwise, the author declares no known conflicts of interest.

Fiona Stacey: none known

Luke Wolfenden: is involved with past and ongoing trials that have been considered for inclusion in this review (Yoong 2016; Yoong 2019; Yoong 2020) and is an author on an included randomised trial of an intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption (Wyse 2012). This review author was not involved in the determination of trial eligibility, data extraction, risk of bias assessment or performance of GRADE assessments for any potentially eligible trial that they were involved in. LW is a Cochrane Co‐ordinating Editor and was not involved in the editorial process for this review. Otherwise, the author declares no known conflicts of interest. He has not received any benefit, in cash or kind, any hospitality, or any subsidy derived from the food industry or any other source perceived to have an interest in the outcome of the review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no intervention on child consumption of target fruit or vegetable, outcome 1.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison 4. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus usual care, outcome 4.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison 3. Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus usual care, outcome 3.1, fruit and/or vegetable intake
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 1: Vegetable intake
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 2: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ risk of bias
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 3: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 4: Vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 5: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 6: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child‐feeding intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 7: Vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ age
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 1: Fruit and vegetable intake
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 2: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ risk of bias
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 3: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 4: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 5: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of multicomponent intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 6: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 1: Fruit and vegetable intake
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 2: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ primary outcome
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 3: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ sensitivity analysis ‐ missing data
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 4: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ setting
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 5: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ modality
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of parent nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 6: Fruit and vegetable intake ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ age
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Short‐term impact (< 12 months) of child nutrition education intervention versus no‐intervention control, Outcome 1: Vegetable intake
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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Remington 2012 {published data only}
    1. Remington A, Añez E, Croker H, Wardle J, Cooke L. Increasing food acceptance in the home setting: a randomized controlled trial of parent-administered taste exposure with incentives. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(1):72-7. - PubMed
    1. Remington AM, Anez EV, Cooke LJ, Wardle J. Tiny tastes. A home based intervention promoting acceptance of disliked vegetables. Appetite 2011;57:S35-36.
Roset‐Salla 2016 {published data only}
    1. Roset-Salla M, Ramon-Cabot J, Salabarnada-Torras J, Pera Guillem Dalmau A. Educational intervention to improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet among parents and their children aged 1-2 years. EniM clinical trial. Public Health Nutrition 2016;19(06):1131-44. - PMC - PubMed
Shah 2016 {published data only}
    1. Shah Niyati B, Fenick Ada M, Rosenthal Marjorie S. A healthy weight for toddlers? Two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of group well-child care. Clinical Pediatrics 2016;55(14):1354-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0009922815623230] - DOI - PubMed
Sherwood 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sherwood NE, JaKa MM, Crain AL, Martinson BC, Hayes MG, Anderson JD. Pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention for parents of preschool children: a pilot study. Childhood Obesity (Print) 2015;11(6):674-82. - PMC - PubMed
Skouteris 2015 {published data only}
    1. Skouteris H, Hill B, McCabe M, Swinburn B, Busija L. A parent-based intervention to promote healthy eating and active behaviours in pre-school children: evaluation of the MEND 2-4 randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Obesity 2015;11(1):4-10. - PubMed
    1. Skouteris H, McCabe M, Swinburn B, Hill B. Healthy eating and obesity prevention for preschoolers: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2010;10:220. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2017 {published data only}
    1. Smith E, Sutarso T, Kaye GL. Access with education improves fruit and vegetable intake in preschool children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;05:05. - PubMed
    1. Smith E. Effects of Access and Education on Preschool Children's Fruit and Vegetable Intake [Dissertation]. Vol. 10626889. The Ohio State University, 2017.
Sobko 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sobko T, Brown GTL, Cheng WHG. Does connectedness to nature improve the eating behaviours of pre-schoolers? Emerging evidence from the Play&Grow randomised controlled trial in Hong Kong. Appetite 2020;154:104781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104781] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sobko T, Jia Z, Kaplan M, Lee A, Tseng CH. Promoting healthy eating and active playtime by connecting to nature families with preschool children: evaluation of pilot study "Play&Grow". Pediatric Research 2017;81(4):572-81. - PubMed
    1. Sobko T, Tse M, Kaplan M. A randomized controlled trial for families with preschool children - promoting healthy eating and active playtime by connecting to nature. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):505. - PMC - PubMed
Tabak 2012 {published data only}
    1. No authors listed. Family ties to health program: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, 2012 Mar/Apr 44(2):166-71. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46:202. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabak RG, Tate DF, Stevens J, Siega-Riz AM, Ward DS. Family ties to health program: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):166-71. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tabak RG, Tate DF, Stevens J, Siega-Riz AM, Ward DS. Family ties to health study: a randomized intervention to improve vegetable intake in children. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2011;19:S109. - PMC - PubMed
Tovar 2023 {published data only}
    1. Fox K, Gans K, McCurdy K, Risica PM, Jennings E, Gorin A, et al. Rationale, design and study protocol of the 'Strong Families Start at Home' feasibility trial to improve the diet quality of low-income, ethnically diverse children by helping parents improve their feeding and food preparation practices. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2020;19:100583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100583] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tovar A, Fox K, Gans KM, Markham Risica P, Papandonatos GD, Ramirez A, et al. Results from the strong families start at home/familias fuertes comienzan en casa: feasibility randomised control trial to improve the diet quality of low-income, predominantly Hispanic/Latinx children. Public Health Nutrition 2023;26(4):1-15. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980023000174] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
van Vliet 2021 {published data only}
    1. Schultink JM. Vegetable Intake and Eating in Absence of Hunger in Babies and Toddlers: Results of a Repeated Vegetable-Exposure Intervention. Dissertation 2022:77.
    1. Van der Veek SM, De Graaf C, De Vries JH, Jager G, Vereijken C, Weenen H, et al. Baby's first bites: a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of vegetable-exposure and sensitive feeding on vegetable acceptance, eating behavior and weight gain in infants and toddlers. BMC Pediatrics 2019;19(1):266. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vliet MS, Mesman J, Schultink JM, Vries JH, Vereijken Cmjl, Rippe RC, et al. Baby's first bites: association between observed maternal feeding behavior and infant vegetable intake and liking. Appetite 2021;165:105316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105316] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vliet MS, Schultink JM, Jager G, Vries JHM, Mesman J, Graaf C, et al. The baby's first bites RCT: Evaluating a vegetable-exposure and a sensitive-feeding intervention in terms of child health outcomes and maternal feeding behavior during toddlerhood. Journal of Nutrition 2021;152(2):386-98. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab387] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Verbestel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Verbestel V, De Coen V, Van Winckel M, Huybrechts I, Maes L, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Prevention of overweight in children younger than 2 years old: a pilot cluster-randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2014;17(6):1384-92. - PMC - PubMed
Vereecken 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Vereecken C, Huybrechts I, Van Houte H, Martens V, Wittebroodt I, Maes L. Results from a dietary intervention study in preschools "Beastly Healthy at School". International Journal of Public Health 2009;54(3):142-9. - PubMed
Ward 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dobson P, Burney R, Hales D, Vaughn A, Tovar A, Østbye T, et al. Self-efficacy for healthy eating moderates the impact of stress on diet quality among family child care home providers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour 2021;53(4):309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.01.005] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mann CM, Ward DS, Vaughn A, Benjamin Neelon SE, Long Vidal LJ, Omar S, et al. Application of the intervention mapping protocol to develop Keys, a family child care home intervention to prevent early childhood obesity. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1227. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Fallon M, Hennessy E, Burney R, Østbye T, et al. Providers' response to child eating behaviors: a direct observation study. Appetite 2016;105:534-41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Fisher JO, Benjamin NS, Burney R, Webster K, et al. Modifying the environment and policy assessment and observation (EPAO) to better capture feeding practices of family childcare home providers. Public Health Nutrition 2019;22(2):223-34. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Grummon A, Burney R, Erinosho T, Ostbye T, et al. Family child care home providers as role models for children: cause for concern? Preventive Medicine Reports 2017;5:308-13. - PMC - PubMed
Watt 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scheiwe A, Hardy R, Watt RG. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a social support intervention on infant feeding practices. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2010;6(4):328-37. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Watt RG, Tull KI, Wiggins M, Kelly Y, Molloy B, Dowler E, et al. Effectiveness of a social support intervention of infant feeding practices: randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(2):156-62. - PubMed
Williams 2014 {published data only}
    1. Williams PA, Cates SC, Blitstein JL, Hersey J, Gabor V, Ball M, et al. Nutrition-education program improves preschoolers' at-home diet: a group randomized trial. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;114(7):1001-8. - PubMed
Witt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Witt KE, Dunn C. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among preschoolers: evaluation of color me healthy. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(2):107-13. - PubMed
Wyse 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wolfenden L, Wyse R, Campbell E, Brennan L, Campbell KJ, Fletcher A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a telephone-based intervention for child fruit and vegetable intake: long-term follow-up. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2014;99(3):543-50. - PubMed
    1. Wyse R, Stacey F, Campbell L, Yoong S, Lecathelinais C, Wiggers J, et al. 5-year follow-up of a telephone intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in preschoolers: The 'healthy habits' cluster randomised trial. Nutrients 2020;12(12):1-15. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12123702] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Bisquera A. Characteristics of the home food environment that mediate immediate and sustained increases in child fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation analysis from the Healthy Habits cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12:118. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Campbell K, Brennan L, Fletcher A, et al. Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in 3- 5 year old children: results from a cluster randomised controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention, Hunter region, NSW, Australia. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:68.
    1. Wyse R, Wolfenden L, Campbell E, Campbell KJ, Wiggers J, Brennan L, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial of a telephone-based parent intervention to increase preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;96(1):102-10. - PMC - PubMed
Zeinstra 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zeinstra GG, Kremer S, Kooijman V. My idol eats carrots, so do I? The delayed effect of a classroom-based intervention on 4-6-year-old children’s intake of a familiar vegetable. Food Quality and Preference 2017;62:352-9.
Zeinstra 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zeinstra GG, Vrijhof M, Kremer S. Is repeated exposure the holy grail for increasing children's vegetable intake? Lessons learned from a Dutch childcare intervention using various vegetable preparations. Appetite 2018;121:316-25. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ashton 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ashton LM, Morgan PJ, Grounds JA, Young MD, Rayward AT, Barnes AT, et al. Dietary outcomes of the 'Healthy Youngsters, Healthy Dads' randomised controlled trial. Nutrients 2021;13(10):3306. [DOI: 10.3390/nu13103306] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Barnes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Barnes C, Grady A, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Pond N, McFayden T, et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial of a web-based implementation intervention to increase child intake of fruit and vegetables within childcare centres. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2020;6(1):163. [DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00707-w] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barnes C, Yoong SL, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Wedesweiler T, Kerr J, et al. Feasibility of a web-based implementation intervention to improve child dietary intake in early childhood education and care: pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(12):e25902. [DOI: 10.2196/25902] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Benito‐Ostolaza 2021 {published data only}
    1. Benito-Ostolaza JM, Echavarri R, Garcia-Prado A, Oses-Eraso N. Using visual stimuli to promote healthy snack choices among children. Social Science & Medicine 2021;270:113587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113587] - DOI - PubMed
Blomkvist 2021 {published data only}
    1. Blomkvist EA, Helland SH, Hillesund ER, Overby NC. A cluster randomized web-based intervention trial to reduce food neophobia and promote healthy diets among one-year-old children in kindergarten: study protocol. BMC Pediatrics 2018;18(1):232. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blomkvist EA, Wills AK, Helland SH, Hillesund ER, Overby NC. Effectiveness of a kindergarten-based intervention to increase vegetable intake and reduce food neophobia amongst 1-year-old children: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Food & Nutrition Research 2021;65:No pagination. [DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7679] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Butler 2020 {published data only}
    1. Butler LM, Bhandari S, Otieno P, Weiser SD, Cohen CR, Frongillo EA. Agricultural and finance intervention increased dietary intake and weight of children living in HIV-affected households in Western Kenya. Current Developments in Nutrition 2020;4(2):nzaa003. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa003] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cabili 2021 {published data only}
    1. Briefel RR, Chojnacki GJ, Gabor V, Forrestal SG, Kleinman R, Cabili C, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial of a home-delivered food box on food security in Chickasaw Nation. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2021;121(1S):S46-S58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.07.021] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cabili C, Briefel R, Forrestal S, Gabor V, Chojnacki G. A cluster randomized controlled trial of a home-delivered food box on children's diet quality in the Chickasaw Nation packed promise project. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2021;121(1s):S59-s69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.08.012] - DOI - PubMed
Chinchanachokchai 2022 {published data only}
    1. Chinchanachokchai S, Jamelske EM, Vernon E. Impact of teacher encouragement on children's consumption and non-eating behaviour in a Wisconsin elementary school vegetable snack programme. Health Education Journal 2022;81(3):265-79. [DOI: 10.1177/00178969211073293] - DOI
Coy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Coy D, Doyle O. Should early health investments work? Evidence from an RCT of a home visiting programme. UCD Centre for Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. WP20/21, University College Dublin, UCD Centre for Economic Research 2020.
De Marchi 2020 {published data only}
    1. De Marchi E, Cavaliere A, Nayga RM, Banterle A. Incentivizing vegetable consumption in school-aged children: evidence from a field experiment. Journal of Consumer Affairs 2020;54(1):261-85. [DOI: 10.1111/joca.12268] - DOI
Dike 2021 {published data only}
    1. Dike IC, Ebizie EN, Chukwuone CA, Ejiofor NJ, Anowai CC, Ogbonnaya EK, et al. Effect of community-based nutritional counseling intervention on children's eating habits. Medicine 2021;100(30):e26563. [DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026563] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diktas HE, Roe LS, Keller KL, Sanchez CE, Rolls BJ. Promoting vegetable intake in preschool children: Independent and combined effects of portion size and flavor enhancement. Appetite 2021;164:105250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105250] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Di Noia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Di Noia J, Monica D, Sikorskii A, Cullen KW. Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of nutrition education to promote farmers' market fruit and vegetable purchases and consumption among women enrolled in the special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC). BMC Nutrition 2017;3:48. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-017-0172-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Di Noia 2021a {published data only}
    1. Di Noia J, Monica D, Jensen H, Sikorskii A. Economic evaluation of a farm-to-special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) intervention promoting vegetable consumption. Public Health Nutrition 2021;24(12):1-20. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021001981] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Di Noia J, Monica D, Sikorskii A, Nelson J. Pilot study of a farm-to-special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) intervention promoting vegetable consumption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2021;24(12):3922-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.12.020] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Di Noia J, Monica D, Sikorskii A. Process evaluation of a farm-to-WIC intervention. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2021;121(10):2021-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Edwards 2022 {published data only}
    1. Edwards KL, Thomas JM, Higgs S, Blissett J. Exposure to models' positive facial expressions whilst eating a raw vegetable increases children's acceptance and consumption of the modelled vegetable. Appetite 2022;168:105779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105779] - DOI - PubMed
Flores‐Pena 2022 {published data only}
    1. Flores-Pena Y, He M, Sosa ET, Avila-Alpirez H, Trejo-Ortiz PM, Gutierrez-Sanchez G. Impacts of an early childhood obesity prevention program in Mexico. Health Education Research 2022;37(4):242-53. [DOI: 10.1093/her/cyac013] - DOI - PubMed
Guthrie 2022 {published data only}
    1. Guthrie G. The effectiveness of using food fun facts to increase acceptance of new menu items among children attending a childcare center: a pilot study. Kansas State University 2022.
Harnack 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03363048. Grocery assistance program study for families. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03363048 (first received 5 December 2017).
Hawkins 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins M, Watts E, Belson S, Snelling A. Design and implementation of a 5-year school-based nutrition education intervention. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2020;52(4):421-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.12.005] - DOI - PubMed
Helle 2017 {published data only}
    1. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Omholt ML, Overby NC. Early food for future health: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of an eHealth intervention aiming to promote healthy food habits from early childhood. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):729. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Wills AK, Overby NC. Evaluation of an eHealth intervention aiming to promote healthy food habits from infancy -the Norwegian randomized controlled trial Early Food for Future Health. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2019;16:1. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Wills AK, Overby NC. Examining the effects of an eHealth intervention from infant age 6 to 12 months on child eating behaviors and maternal feeding practices one year after cessation: The Norwegian randomized controlled trial Early Food for Future Health. PLOS One 2019;14(8):e0220437. - PMC - PubMed
Hennink‐Kaminski 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hennink-Kaminski H, Ihekweazu C, Vaughn AE. Using formative research to develop the Healthy Me, Healthy We campaign: partnering childcare and home to promote healthy eating and physical activity behaviors in preschool children. Social Marketing Quarterly 2018;24(3):194-215.
    1. Hennink-Kaminski H, Vaughn AE, Hales D, Moore RH, Luecking CT, Ward DS. Parent and child care provider partnerships: protocol for the Healthy Me, Healthy We (HMHW) cluster randomized control trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;8:8. - PubMed
    1. Luecking CT, Vaughn AE, Burney R, Hennink-Kaminski H, Hales D, Ward DS. Fidelity and factors influencing implementation of Healthy Me, Healthy: process evaluation of a social marketing campaign for diet and physical activity behaviors of children in childcare. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2021;11(3):733-44. [DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab001] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vaughn AE, Bartlett R, Luecking CT. Using a social marketing approach to develop Healthy Me, Healthy We: a nutrition and physical activity intervention in early care and education. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2018;10. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vaughn AE, Hennink-Kaminski H, Moore R, Burney R, Chittams JL, Parker P, et al. Evaluating a child care-based social marketing approach for improving children's diet and physical activity: results from the Healthy Me, Healthy We cluster-randomized controlled trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2020;11(3):775-84. [DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa113] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Huye 2018 {published data only}
    1. Huye H, Connell C, Dufrene B, Yadrick K, Newkirk C. I-POP! Development of a nutrition education and positive behavioral support program in Mississippi Head Start Centers. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2018;118(10):A140.
    1. Huye HF, Connell CL, Dufrene BA, Mohn RS, Newkirk C, Tannehill J, et al. Development of the impact of a preschool obesity prevention intervention enhanced with positive behavioral supports for Mississippi head start centers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2020;52(12):1148-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2020.09.010] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Huye HF, McCoy S, Landry A. Assessment of weight, dietary intake, and screen time patterns in Mississippi head start children: baseline findings from the impact of the preschool obesity prevention intervention. Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association 2023;64(4):No pagination.
Ilic 2022 {published data only}
    1. Ilic A, Bituh M, Karlovic T, Brecic R, Baric IC. P139 Three-year school-based intervention may change primary school children's preferences for fruit and vegetable dishes. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior Annual Conference, 29-31 July, 2022, Atlanta, Georgia. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2022;54(7):S84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.04.180] - DOI
Karmali 2020 {published data only}
    1. Karmali S, Battram DS, Burke SM, Cramp A, Johnson AM, Mantler T, et al. Perspectives and impact of a parent-child intervention on dietary intake and physical activity behaviours, parental motivation, and parental body composition: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(18):6822. [DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186822] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kim SY, Chung K-M, Jung S. Effects of repeated food exposure on increasing vegetable consumption in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2018;47:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.01.003] - DOI
Lopez‐Contreras 2020 {published data only}
    1. López-Contreras IN, Vilchis-Gil J, Klünder-Klünder M, Villalpando-Carrión S, Flores-Huerta S. Dietary habits and metabolic response improve in obese children whose mothers received an intervention to promote healthy eating: randomized clinical trial. BMC Public Health 2020;20(1):1240. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09339-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Magalhaes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Magalhães P, Silva C, Pereira B, Figueiredo G, Guimarães A, Pereira A, et al. An online-based intervention to promote healthy eating through self-regulation among children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020;21(1):786. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04685-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Marsh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Marsh S, Taylor R, Galland B, Gerritsen S, Parag V, Maddison R. Results of the 3 Pillars Study (3PS), a relationship-based programme targeting parent-child interactions, healthy lifestyle behaviours, and the home environment in parents of preschool-aged children: a pilot randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2020;15(9):e0238977. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238977] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Martíncrespo‐Blanco 2022 {published data only}
    1. Martíncrespo-Blanco MC, Varillas-Delgado D, Blanco-Abril S, Cid-Exposito MG, Robledo-Martín J. Effectiveness of an intervention programme on adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a preschool child: a randomised controlled trial. Nutrients 2022;14(8):1536. - PMC - PubMed
Mecheva 2021 {published data only}
    1. Mecheva MV, Rieger M, Sparrow R, Prafiantini E, Agustina R. Snacks, nudges and asymmetric peer influence: evidence from food choice experiments with children in Indonesia. Journal of Health Economics 2021;79:102508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2021.102508] - DOI - PubMed
Mobley 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mobley A, Gans K, Adamsons K, Huedo-Medina T. O17 Healthy Fathers, Healthy Kids: preliminary results of a father-focused childhood obesity prevention pilot program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2020;52(7):S8-S9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2020.04.029] - DOI
    1. Mobley AR, Gans KM, Adamsons K, Huedo-Medina TB. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of a father-focused childhood obesity prevention program for low-income families with preschool-age children. Childhood Obesity (Print) 2022;19(1):13-24. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0225] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Mofleh 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mofleh D, Chuang RJ, Ranjit N, Cox JN, Anthony C, Sharma SV. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a nutrition intervention on dietary behaviors among early care and education providers: The Create Healthy Futures study. Preventive Medicine Reports 2022;28:101873. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mohd Nor ND, Houston-Price C, Harvey K, Methven L. The effects of taste sensitivity and repeated taste exposure on children's intake and liking of turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa); a bitter Brassica vegetable. Appetite 2021;157:104991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104991] - DOI - PubMed
Mok 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mok KT, Tung SEH, Kaur S, Chin YS, Martini MY, Ulaganathan V. A home gardening intervention to improve vegetable consumption among urban poor children: a study protocol for randomised controlled trial. Nutrition and Health (Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire) 2022;29:9-20. [DOI: 10.1177/02601060221134997] - DOI - PubMed
Mourad 2019 {published data only}
    1. Habib Mourad C, Hwalla N. Two-year intervention and one year follow-up of a school-based program to promote healthy behaviors and prevent childhood obesity in Lebanese children: The Healthier Kids Cohort Study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2019;119(10):A150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.08.170] - DOI
Nix 2021 {published data only}
    1. Nix RL, Francis LA, Feinberg ME, Gill S, Jones DE, Hostetler ML, et al. Improving toddlers' healthy eating habits and self-regulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2021;147(1):e20193326. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3326] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ojwang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Ojwang SO, Otieno DJ, Okello JJ, Nyikal RA, Muoki P. The role of targeted nutrition education of preschoolers and caregivers on sustained consumption of biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato in Kenya. Current Developments in Nutrition 2021;5(8):nzab096. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab096] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Orr 2020 {published data only}
    1. Orr CJ, Ravanbakht S, Flower KB, Yin HS, Rothman RL, Sanders LM, et al. Associations between food insecurity and parental feeding behaviors of toddlers. Academic Pediatrics 2020;20(8):1163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.05.020] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Poelman 2020 {published data only}
    1. Poelman AA, Cochet-Broch M, Wiggins B, McCrea R, Heffernan JE, Beelen J, et al. Effect of experiential vegetable education program on mediating factors of vegetable consumption in Australian primary school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2020;12(8):1-19. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12082343] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Raut 2021 {published data only}
    1. Raut A, Mustafayev R, Srinivasan R, Chary A, Ertem I, Grazioso MD, et al. Hybrid type 1 effectiveness/implementation trial of the international guide for monitoring child development: protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Paediatrics Open 2021;5(1):e001254. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001254] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ray 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ray C, Figuereido R, Vepsäläinen H, Lehto R, Pajulahti R, Skaffari E, et al. Effects of the preschool-based family-involving DAGIS intervention program on children's energy balance-related behaviors and self-regulation skills: A clustered randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2020;12(9):2599. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12092599] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Raynor 2020 {published data only}
    1. Raynor HA, Barroso C, Propst S, Berlin K, Robson S, Khatri P. Reach of a low-intensity, multicomponent childhood overweight and obesity intervention delivered in an integrated primary care setting. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2020;10(3):760-9. [DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibz055] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rodrigo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dias SK, Rathnayake RM, Thilakarathne LA, De Silva SL, Indika IH, Shobowala EO, et al. The effectiveness of a food plate based method in improving the nutritional value of the mid-day meal offered by mothers to preschool children. In: Paediatric Conference, College of Paediatricians, Sri Lanka. 2019.
    1. Rodrigo ID, Dias K, Rathnayake G, Thilakarathne R, Shobowale E, De Silva L, et al. Successful adaptation of Myplate method for improving the quality of midday meal of pre-schoolers in Suburban Sri Lanka. Cogent Medicine 2018;5:103.
Rollins 2021 {published data only}
    1. Rollins BY, Stein W, Keller KL, Savage JS. Preschoolers will drink their GREENS! Children accept, like, and drink novel smoothies containing dark green vegetables (DGVs). Appetite 2021;162:9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105148] - DOI - PubMed
Rudgard 2021 {published data only}
    1. Rudgard O. Children likely to eat many more vegetables if they see adults enjoying them, research shows. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/12/27/children-likely-eat-many-veg... 2021.
Sangalli 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sangalli CN, Leffa PS, Valmórbida JL, Lumey LH, Vitolo MR. Impact of promoting healthy infant feeding practices on energy intake and anthropometric measures of children up to 6 years of age: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2021;34(5):771-83. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12881] - DOI - PubMed
Saxe‐Custack 2021 {published data only}
    1. Saxe-Custack A. Clinical Trial: Assessment of a fruit and vegetable prescription program for children NCT04767282. US Fed News Service, Including US State News 2021.
Seguin‐Fowler 2021 {published data only}
    1. Seguin-Fowler RA, Hanson KL, Jilcott Pitts SB, Kolodinsky J, Sitaker M, Ammerman AS, et al. Community supported agriculture plus nutrition education improves skills, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors among low-income caregivers but not their children: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2021;18(1):112. [DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01168-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sirasa 2021 {published data only}
    1. Sirasa F, Mitchell L, Azhar A, Chandrasekara A, Harris N. A six-week healthy eating intervention with family engagement improves food knowledge and preferences but not dietary diversity among urban preschool children in Sri Lanka. Public Health Nutrition 2021;24(13):1-22. [DOI: 10.1017/S1368980021001877] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sisson 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sisson S, Williams B, Leidner J, Hall S, Vesely S, Hildebrand D, et al. P097 Change in vegetables, fruit, and sugar in family child care homes lunches following happy healthy homes intervention. Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior Annual Conference, 29-31 July, 2022, Atlanta, Georgia. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2022;54(7):S63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.04.137] - DOI
    1. Sisson SB, Salvatore AL, Hildebrand D, Poe T, Merchant C, Slawinski M, et al. Interventions to promote healthy environments in family child care homes in Oklahoma-Happy Healthy Homes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019;20(1):541. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3616-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sleet 2020 {published data only}
    1. Sleet K, Sisson SB, Dev DA, Love C, Williams MB, Hoffman LA, et al. The impact of responsive feeding practice training on teacher feeding behaviors in tribal early care and education: the food resource equity and sustainability for health (FRESH) study. Current Developments in Nutrition 2020;4(Suppl 1):23-32. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz105] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Somaraki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Somaraki M, Ek A, Eli K, Ljung S, Mildton V, Sandvik P, et al. Parenting and childhood obesity: validation of a new questionnaire and evaluation of treatment effects during the preschool years. PLOS One 2021;16(9):e0257187. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257187] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stough 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03597061. Healthy start to feeding pilot trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03597061 (first received 24 July 2018).
Swindle 2021 {published data only}
    1. Swindle T, McBride NM, Selig JP, Johnson SL, Whiteside-Mansell L, Martin J, et al. Stakeholder selected strategies for obesity prevention in childcare: results from a small-scale cluster randomized hybrid type III trial. Implementation Science 2021;16(1):48. [DOI: 10.1186/s13012-021-01119-x] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Swindle 2022 {published data only}
    1. Swindle T, Rutledge JM, Selig JP, Painter J, Zhang D, Martin J, et al. Obesity prevention practices in early care and education settings: an adaptive implementation trial. Implementation Science 2022;17(1):25. [DOI: 10.1186/s13012-021-01185-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tournier 2021 {published data only}
    1. Tournier C, Bernad C, Madrelle J, Delarue J, Cuvelier G, Schwartz C, et al. Fostering infant food texture acceptance: a pilot intervention promoting food texture introduction between 8 and 15 months. Appetite 2021;158:11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104989] - DOI - PubMed
van Belkom 2022 {published data only}
    1. Belkom B, Umanets A, Havermans RC, Mil E. Promoting vegetable acceptance in toddlers using a contingency management program: a cluster randomised trial. Appetite 2023;179:No pagination. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106239] - DOI - PubMed
van der Gaag 2020 {published data only}
    1. Gaag E, Brandsema R, Nobbenhuis R, Palen J, Hummel T. Influence of dietary advice including green vegetables, beef, and whole dairy products on recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2020;12(1):272. [DOI: 10.3390/nu12010272] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vazir 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vazir S, Engle P, Balakrishna N, Griffiths PL, Johnson SL, Creed-Kanashiro H, et al. Cluster-randomized trial on complementary and responsive feeding education to caregivers found improved dietary intake, growth and development among rural Indian toddlers. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2013;9(1):99-117. - PMC - PubMed
Vepsäläinen 2022 {published data only}
    1. Vepsäläinen H, Skaffari E, Wojtkowska K, Barlińska J, Kinnunen S, Makkonen R, et al. A mobile app to increase fruit and vegetable acceptance among Finnish and Polish preschoolers: randomized trial. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2022;10(1):e30352. - PMC - PubMed
Watt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Watt RG, Draper AK, Ohly HR, Rees G, Pikhart H, Cooke L, et al. Methodological development of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of an early years' nutrition intervention: the CHERRY programme (Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young). Maternal & Child Nutrition 2014;10(2):280-94. - PMC - PubMed
Wijayaratne 2021 {published data only}
    1. Wijayaratne S, Westberg K, Reid M, Worsley A. Developing food literacy in young children in the home environment. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2021;46:1165-77.
Wilkinson 2022 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson NM, Kannan S, Ganguri H, Hetherington MM, Evans CEL. Study protocol: evaluation of the ‘flavour school’ sensory food education programme: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in UK primary school children, aged 4-7 years, to determine impact on confidence and curiosity in tasting vegetables and fruit. Trials 2022;23(1):705. - PMC - PubMed
Wolnicka 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wolnicka K, Annataraszewska, Jaczewska-Schuetz J, Jarosz M, Niewiarowska M. Influence of school fruit and vegetable scheme on fruit and vegetable consumption among school children during 3 years of evaluation. Obesity Facts 2017;10:128. [DOI: 10.1159/000468958] - DOI
Zeinstra 2020 {published data only}
    1. Zeinstra GG, Vrijhof M, Kremer S. “I prepared my own carrots”. The effect of participation in an out-of-home cooking session on Dutch 4-6-year-old children’s vegetable consumption. Food Quality and Preference 2020;86:104022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104022] - DOI

References to studies awaiting assessment

Beck 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03438721. Strong Futures: a trial of two primary care based interventions to promote optimal health in Latino infants and toddlers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03438721 (first received 4 November 2018). 23928148
Bersamin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bersamin A, Paschall M, Ohle K, King D, Walch A. NP27 Tundra Gifts: harvesting local and regional resources to prevent obesity among Alaska native children in remote, underserved communities. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S22.
Effendy 2020 {published data only}
    1. Effendy DS, Prangthip P, Soonthornworasiri N, Winichagoon P, Kwanbunjan K. Nutrition education in southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia: a cluster randomized controlled study. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2020;16(4):e13030. [DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13030] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Gomes 2021 {published data only}
    1. Gomes AI, Pereira AI, Guerreiro T, Branco D, Roberto MS, Pires A, et al. SmartFeeding4Kids, an online self-guided parenting intervention to promote positive feeding practices and healthy diet in young children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021;22(1):930. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05897-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Han 2023a {published data only}
    1. Han Y, Park S, Kim J, Hoddinott J. Engaging fathers through nutrition behavior communication change does not increase child dietary diversity in a cluster randomized control trial in rural Ethiopia. Journal of Nutrition 2023;153(2):569-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.023] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT03229629. What promotes healthy eating? The roles of information, affordability, accessibility, gender, and peers on food consumption. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03229629 (first received 25 July 2017).
Hull 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hull P, Briley C, Schmidt D, Mulvaney S, Silver H, Illukpitiya P, et al. CHEW 2.0: expansion of the Children Eating Well (CHEW) smartphone application for WIC-participating families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017b;49(7):S115-6.
    1. Hull P, Emerson J, Quirk M, Schmidt D, Mulvaney S, Beech B, et al. Children Eating Well (CHEW) smartphone application for WIC-participating families with preschool children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2016;48(7):S121-2.
    1. Hull P, Emerson JS, Quirk ME, Canedo JR, Jones JL, Vylegzhanina V, et al. A smartphone App for families with preschool-aged children in a public nutrition program: prototype development and beta-testing. JMIR MHealth and UHealth 2017;5(8):e102. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hull P, Shearer E, Weber S, Schmidt D, Jones J, Harris C, et al. NP22 development of the Children Eating Well (CHEW) mobile application for WIC families in Tennessee. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S20.
    1. Hull PC, Emerson JS, Schmidt D, Vylegzhanina V, Quirk M, Mulvaney S, et al. Nashville children eating well (CHEW) for health: smartphone application for WIC-participating families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(4 Suppl):S202.
Janisse 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02456623. Obesity intervention for low-income African American preschoolers. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02456623 (first received 28 May 2015).
Jernigan 2023 {published data only}
    1. Jernigan V. Indigenous supported agriculture "Go Healthy". https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05773833 2023. - PMC - PubMed
Kahn 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kahn M. Sleep, nutrition and psychological functioning in kindergarten children. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02069249 (first received 24 Feb 2014).
Kashef 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kashef S, Bell LK, Brown V, Gardner C, Zarnowiecki D, Morgillo S, et al. Evaluation of a menu box delivery service for Australian long-day care services to improve food provision and child intake: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 2023;12:3122-33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kashef S, Zarnowiecki D, Brown V, Arguelles JC, Cox DN, Golley RK. Cluster randomised controlled trial of a menu box delivery service for Australian long day care services to improve menu guideline compliance: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021;11(4):e045136. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045136] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2019b {published data only}
    1. Kim J, Kim G, Park J, Wang Y, Lim H. Effectiveness of teacher-led nutritional lessons in altering dietary habits and nutritional status in preschool children: adoption of a NASA Mission X-based program. Nutrients 2019;11(7):13. - PMC - PubMed
Kranz 2023 {published data only}
    1. Kranz S. Fruit and vegetable intake in preschoolers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05730530 2023.
Martin 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martin J, Swindle T. P143 Analyzing costs associated with implementation of a nutrition program in early childhood education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2020;52(7):S84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2020.04.190] - DOI
Martinez 2018 {published data only}
    1. Martinez S, Johannsen J, Gertner G, Franco J, Exposito AB, Bartolini RM, et al. Effects of a home-based participatory play intervention on infant and young child nutrition: a randomised evaluation among low-income households in El Alto, Bolivia. BMJ Global Health 2018;3(3):13. - PMC - PubMed
Polacsek 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02975232. Supermarket science: multipronged approaches to increasing fresh, frozen and canned fruit and vegetable purchases. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02975232 (first received 29 November 2016).
    1. Polacsek M, Moran A, Thorndike AN, Boulos R, Franckle RL, Greene JC, et al. A supermarket double-dollar incentive program increases purchases of fresh fruits and vegetables among low-income families with children: the healthy double study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017;7:7. - PMC - PubMed
Rathore 2022 {published data only}
    1. Rathore V, Mitchell AE, Morawska A, Tadakamadla SK. Online parenting intervention for children's eating and mealtime behaviors: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 2022;10(5):924. [DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050924] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rosas 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rosas VM, Levy TS, Tapia BM, Gomez-Humaran IM. Impact of the National Crusade Against Hunger (CNCH) on anemia and dietary diversity among Mexican children. FASEB Journal 2017;31:No pagination.
Segura‐Perez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Segura-Perez S, Damio G, Perez-Escamilla R. Improving access to fresh fruit and vegetables among low income families in the USA: the neat trial. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2017;71:841.
    1. Segura-Perez S, Perez-Escamilla R, Damio G. Improving access to fresh fruit and vegetables among inner-city residents: the NEAT trial. FASEB Journal 2017;31:No pagination.
Sharkey 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sharkey J, Meyer RU, Johnson C, Gomez L, Martinez L, Beltran E, et al. NP5 Salud Para Usted y Su Familia [Health for You and Your Family]: Integration of research, education and extension to promote healthier Mexican-heritage families. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(7):S11-2.
Virudachalam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Virudachalam S. Peer-mentored cooking classes for parents of toddlers: do families cook more and eat healthier after the intervention? https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01710423 (first received 19 October 2012).
Vitale 2022 {published data only}
    1. Vitale N, Coccia C. Impact of a Montessori-based nutrition program on children's knowledge and eating behaviors. Journal of School Health 2023;93(1):53-61. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.13237] - DOI - PubMed
Wetherill 2022 {published data only}
    1. Blue Bird Jernigan V, Taniguchi T, Haslam A, Williams MB, Maudrie TL, Nikolaus CJ, et al. Design and methods of a participatory healthy eating intervention for Indigenous children: The FRESH Study. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10:790008. [DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.790008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blue Bird Jernigan V, Taniguchi T, Haslam A, Williams MB, Maudrie TL, Nikolaus CJ, et al. Design and methods of a participatory healthy eating intervention for Indigenous children: The FRESH Study. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10:790008. [DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.790008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Taniguchi T, Haslam A, Sun W, Sisk M, Hayman J, Jernigan VB. Impact of a farm-to-school nutrition and gardening intervention for Native American families from the FRESH Study: A randomized wait-list controlled trial [I]. Nutrients 2022;14(13):2601. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14132601] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Taniguchi T, Haslam A, Sun W, Sisk M, Hayman J, Jernigan VB. Impact of a farm-to-school nutrition and gardening intervention for Native American families from the FRESH Study: A randomized wait-list controlled trial. Nutrients 2022;14(13):2601. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14132601] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wetherill MS, Bourque EE, Taniguchi T, Love CV, Sisk M, Jernigan VB. Development of a tribally-led gardening curriculum for Indigenous preschool children: The FRESH Study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2021;53(11):991-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2021.07.011] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Zarnowiecki 2021 {published data only}
    1. Morgillo S, Bell LK, Gardner C, Kashef S, Stafford K, Zarnowiecki D, et al. Evaluation of a long day care intervention targeting the mealtime environment and curriculum to increase children's vegetable intake: a cluster randomised controlled trial using the multiphase optimisation strategy framework. Public Health Nutrition 2024;27(1):e87. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zarnowiecki D, Kashef S, Poelman AA, Cochet-Broch MO, Arguelles JC, Cox DN, et al. Application of the multiphase optimisation strategy to develop, optimise and evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent initiative package to increase 2-to-5-year-old children's vegetable intake in long day care centres: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021;11(12):e047618. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047618] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Gross 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Gross M, Taylor Lucas C, Fierman AH, Dreyer BP, et al. Starting Early/Empezando Temprano: randomized control trial (RCT) to test the effectiveness of an early obesity prevention program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012;44(4 Suppl):S82.
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Gross MB, Scheinmann R, Messito MJ. Randomized controlled trial of a primary care-based child obesity prevention intervention on infant feeding practices. Journal of Pediatrics 2016;174:171-7.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.03.060] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Messito MJ. Additive effects of household food insecurity during pregnancy and infancy on maternal infant feeding styles and practices. Appetite 2018;19:19. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gross RS, Mendelsohn AL, Yin HS, Tomopoulos S, Gross MB, Scheinmann R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an early child obesity prevention intervention: impacts on infant tummy time. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2017;25(5):920-7. [DOI: 10.1002/oby.21779] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Katzow MW, Messito MJ, Mendelsohn AL, Scott MA, Gross RS. Protective effect of prenatal social support on the intergenerational transmission of obesity in low-Income Hispanic families. Child Obesity 2022;19(6):382-90. [DOI: 10.1089/chi.2021.0306] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Horodynski 2011 {published data only}
    1. Horodynski MA, Baker S, Coleman G, Auld G, Lindau J. The healthy toddlers trial protocol: an intervention to reduce risk factors for childhood obesity in economically and educationally disadvantaged populations. BMC Public Health 2011;11:581. - PMC - PubMed
Ingalls 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ingalls A, Rosenstock S, Cuddy RF, Neault N, Yessilth S, Goklish N, et al. Family Spirit Nurture (FSN)-a randomized controlled trial to prevent early childhood obesity in American Indian populations: trial rationale and study protocol. BMC Obesity 2019;6(1):18. - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2018a {published data only}
    1. Lee RE, Lorenzo E, Szeszulski J, Arriola A, Bruening M, Estabrooks PA, et al. Design and methodology of a cluster-randomized trial in early care and education centers to meet physical activity guidelines: Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE). Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;77:8-18. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lee RE, Parker NH, Soltero EG, Ledoux TA, Mama SK, McNeill L. Sustainability via Active Garden Education (SAGE): results from two feasibility pilot studies. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):242. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szeszulski J, Lorenzo E, O'Connor T, Hill JL, Shaibi GQ, Buman MP, et al. Exploring correlates of preschool-aged children's locomotor skills: Individual and parent demographics and home environment. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2021;128(2):649-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512520980938] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Szeszulski J, Lorenzo E, Todd M, O'Connor TM, Hill J, Shaibi GQ, et al. Early care and education center environmental factors associated with product- and process-based locomotor outcomes in preschool-age children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(4):2208. - PMC - PubMed
Mehdizadeh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mehdizadeh A, Nematy M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sardar MA, Leis A, et al. A customized intervention program aiming to improve healthy eating and physical activity among preschool children: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Iran Healthy Start Study). JMIR Research Protocols 2018;7:e11329. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mehdizadeh HA, Nematy M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Norouzy A, Sardar MA, Vatanparast H. Implementing and pilot testing of a customized intervention to increase physical activity and healthy eating among preschool children: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2019;38:S151.
Shirai 2018 {published data only}
    1. UMIN000033818. A pilot study for effects of vegetable juice on children's preference and amount of consumption for vegetables. WHO Clinical Trials (first received 1 December 2018).
Trevino‐Pena 2020 {published data only}
    1. Treviño-Peña R, Wang X, Wang L, Romero Z, Alanis E, Li H. Social and health risk factor levels of preschool children living along the Texas-Mexico border. Journal of School Health 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/josh.12979] - DOI - PubMed
Trost 2021 {published data only}
    1. Trost SG, Byrne R, Williams KE, Johnson BJ, Bird A, Simon K, et al. Study protocol for healthy conversations @ playgroup: a multi-site cluster randomized controlled trial of an intervention to promote healthy lifestyle behaviours in young children attending community playgroups. BMC Public Health 2021;21(1):1757. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11789-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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