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. 2025 Jun;34(3):e14346.
doi: 10.1111/jsr.14346. Epub 2024 Sep 24.

An exploratory pilot study on social rhythm regularity, and its associations with sleep, circadian, affective, and alcohol use outcomes in late adolescents

Eunjin Lee Tracy  1 , Yuxi Xie  2 , Daniel J Buysse  3 , Stephen F Smagula  3 , Adriane M Soehner  3 , Brant P Hasler  3
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An exploratory pilot study on social rhythm regularity, and its associations with sleep, circadian, affective, and alcohol use outcomes in late adolescents

Eunjin Lee Tracy et al. J Sleep Res. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

The current exploratory pilot study examined whether social rhythm regularity, as measured by a social rhythm metric, was associated with: (1) the regularity of circadian rhythms and/or sleep regularity metrics; and (2) sleep quality, affective function and alcohol use. Late adolescents (18-22 years old) who drink alcohol (n = 36; 61.1% female, Mage = 21.26 years) completed a 14-day ecological momentary assessment protocol, wore a wrist actigraph for 14 days, and completed two overnight visits (Thursday and Sunday) to assess dim light melatonin onset. Sleep regularity metrics included standard deviation, composite phase deviation, social jet lag and inter-daily stability. We used dim light melatonin onset data to calculate the stability of the circadian phase (Sunday minus Thursday). Participants completed surveys and ecological momentary assessments that assessed global and daily sleep quality, affective function, and alcohol use. Correlational analysis and robust regression modelling were used. More regular social rhythms were associated with higher regularities of mid-sleep timing based on standard deviations, but were not associated with other sleep regularity metrics or stability of the circadian phase. More regular social rhythms were associated with better sleep quality, but were not associated with affective function or alcohol use. Social rhythm regularity is a unique construct compared with existing sleep quality metrics. In contrast with the social zeitgeber hypothesis, social rhythm regularity was not associated with circadian rhythm regularity measured by dim light melatonin onset. However, social rhythm regularity may be an under-recognized contributor to better sleep quality.

Keywords: affective function; alcohol use; dim light melatonin onset; late adolescents; sleep quality; sleep regularity; social rhythm regularity; social zeitgeber theory.

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