'Fix' the Child or Change the Learning Environment?

Duncan E Astle^{1

2}, Mark H Johnson³, Danyal Akarca^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
² MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴ Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Duncan E Astle et al. Dev Sci. 2025 Jan.

. 2025 Jan;28(1):e13567.

doi: 10.1111/desc.13567. Epub 2024 Sep 25.

Duncan E Astle^{1

2}, Mark H Johnson³, Danyal Akarca^{2

4}

¹ Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
² MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³ Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁴ Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.

No abstract available

References

1. Astle, D. E., J. Bathelt, J. Holmes, and CALM Team. 2019. “Remapping the Cognitive and Neural Profiles of Children Who Struggle at School.” Developmental Science 22, no. 1: e12747. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12747.
1. Cortese, S., M. Ferrin, D. Brandeis, et al. 2015. “Cognitive Training for Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta‐Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 54, no. 3: 164–174.
1. Dawson, G., A. D. Rieder, and M. H. Johnson. 2023. “Prediction of Autism in Infants: Progress and Challenges.” The Lancet Neurology 22, no. 3: 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474‐4422(22)00407‐0.
1. Ganesan, K., A. Thompson, C. R. Smid, et al. 2024. “Cognitive Control Training With Domain‐General Response Inhibition Does not Change Children's Brains or Behavior.” Nature Neuroscience 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593‐024‐01672‐w.
1. Goh, S. K., S. Griffiths, and C. F. Norbury. 2021. “Sources of Variability in the Prospective Relation of Language to Social, Emotional, and Behavior Problem Symptoms: Implications for Developmental Language Disorder.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 130, no. 6: 676. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000691.