Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Vinyl Sulfoximine-Based Analogues as Potent Nrf2 Activators for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to demyelination, axonal loss, and neurodegeneration. Increased oxidative stress and neurodegeneration have been implicated in all stages of MS, making neuroprotective therapeutics a promising strategy for its treatment. We previously have reported vinyl sulfones with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that induces the expression of cytoprotective genes against oxidative stress. In this study, we synthesized vinyl sulfoximine derivatives by modifying the core structure and determined therapeutic potential as Nrf2 activators. Among them, 10v effectively activated Nrf2 (EC₅₀ = 83.5 nM) and exhibited favorable drug-like properties. 10v successfully induced expression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant enzymes and suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in BV-2 microglial cells. We also confirmed that 10v effectively reversed disease progression and attenuated demyelination in an experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) mouse model of MS.