Multifunctional bioactive glass nanoparticles: surface-interface decoration and biomedical applications

Abstract

Developing bioactive materials with multifunctional properties is crucial for enhancing their biomedical applications in regenerative medicine. Bioactive glass nanoparticle (BGN) is a new generation of biomaterials that demonstrate high biocompatibility and tissue-inducing capacity. However, the hard nanoparticle surface and single surface property limited their wide biomedical applications. In recent years, the surface functional strategy has been employed to decorate the BGN and improve its biomedical applications in bone tissue repair, bioimaging, tumor therapy and wound repair. This review summarizes the progress of surface-interface design strategy, customized multifunctional properties and biomedical applications in detail. We also discussed the current challenges and further development of multifunctional BGN to meet the requirements of various biomedical applications.

Keywords: bioactive glass nanoparticles; functionalization; multifunctional properties; surface modification.

Graphical abstract

Figure 1.

Morphology and molecular structure of BGN.

Figure 2.

Surface modification technology for BGN.

Figure 3.

Surface modification of bioactive glass with APTES divided into (I) hydrolysis, (II) condensation reaction, (III) hydrogen bonding and (IV) bond formation [71] Copyright 2019, MDPI.

Figure 4.

Reaction of aminated BGN (ABGN) with aldehyde group (A) [73] Copyright 2022, Wiley; carboxyl group (B) [75] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; anhydride (C) [78] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society; and halogen (D) [80] Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 5.

Ion interaction between RNA/drugs and BGN. (A) BGN loaded miRNA [95] Copyright 2017, Wiley. (B) BGN loaded diclofenac sodium (DS) drug and miRNA [96] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.

Figure 6.

Modification of BGN by in situ polymerization. (A) Modification of BGN by dopamine (PDA) [68] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (B) Modification of BGN by polypyrrole (Py), dopamine (DA) and ε-poly-l-lysine (EPL) [118] Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (C) Modification of BGN by tannic acid (PT) and ε-poly-l-lysine (E) [119] Copyright 2022, KeAi.

Figure 7.

Multifunctionality of modified BGN.

Figure 8.

Dispersion stability of m-BGN. (A) Schematic diagram of β-sodium glycerophosphate (GP) modified BGN. (B) Dispersion stability of GP-BGN in PBS and FBS solutions [66] Copyright 2019, Wiley. (C) Schematic diagram of FBS modified EuBGN. (D) Dispersion stability of EuBGN@FBS in PBS solution [53] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.

Figure 9.

Interface interaction between BGN and hydrogel matrix. (A) Proposed mechanism of self-healing in AG-AMBGN or ACuMBGN hydrogels. (B) FTIR analysis of ADA-GEL hydrogels before and after post-crosslinking. SEM images of (C) AG, (D) AG-MBGN, (E) AG-AMBGN, and (F) AG-ACuMBGN samples after post-crosslinking. (G) The compressive modulus of the four groups before and after post-crosslinking, n = 3, *P < 0.05 [73] Copyright 2022, Wiley.

Figure 10.

Antibacterial property of m-BGN. (A) Schematic diagram of vancomycin (VAN) modified BGN and antibacterial ability [121] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) Schematic diagram of daunomycin (DAN) modified BGN and antibacterial ability [122] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (C) Schematic diagram of ε-poly-L-lysine (EPL) modified BGN and antiinfection ability [118] Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

Figure 11.

Antioxidant property of m-BGN. (A) Schematic diagram of soybean peroxidase (SBP) modified BGN and anti-oxidative stress ability [86] Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) Schematic diagram of polyphenol modified BGN and antioxidant ability [116] Copyright 2016, Elsevier.

Figure 12.

Anti-inflammatory activity of m-BGN. (A) Schematic illustration showing the interaction of BGN(F) with a targeted inflammatory activated cell. (B)Schematic illustration of the series of inflammatory-related signaling events in the LPS-activated macrophage upon interactions with the anti-inflammatory therapeutic nanoparticle BGN(F). (C) Schematic illustration of mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscle injury model. (D) Immunohistochemical analysis of the IL-6 and TNF-α in tissue samples. Representative confocal microscopic images on days 3 and 7, revealing signals of IL-6 and TNF-α [132]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.

Figure 13.

Controlled drug release of m-BGN. (A) Section a: Synthesis of the APTS25SG423-MA and cysteamine conjugate. Section b: Synthesis of the APTS25SG423-MA and 5-aminofluorescein conjugate [78] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (B) The schematic illustration of controlled DOX release from the Sm/MBG alginate microspheres [88] Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (C) Schematic illustration of the construction of a BGN@PDA-DOX and DOX release with pH/NIR-responsive release behavior [68] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.

Figure 14.

Schematic illustration describing the synthetic route of EGBBGNs@FAAL and their potentia biomedical applications for chemotherapy, triple-modal imaging, skin regeneration and the inhibition of tumor recurrence [61] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.

Figure 15.

Synthesis of AIEgens-functionalized MBG and its application for drug delivery and pH-controlled drug release for cancer therapy [80] Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 16.

Hemostatic properties of m-BGN. (A) Preparation and hemostatic mechanism of MBG-based membrane-like structure camouflaged composite particles (MBG@BSA/CS) [138] Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (B) Illustration of the synthetic route of the multilayer-structured BGN@PTA nanosystem and excellent hemostasis functions for wound healing [119] Copyright 2022, KeAi.