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. 2024 Sep 11;10(18):e37824.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37824. eCollection 2024 Sep 30.

Development of a footwear sizing system for diabetic feet

Bibhu Dash  1 , Md Rayhan Sarker  1   2 , Md Mukter Alam  1 , Asack Mamun Asick  1 , Aklima Begum  3
Affiliations

Development of a footwear sizing system for diabetic feet

Bibhu Dash et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

The number of diabetic patients is increasing rapidly who have vulnerable feet and might be easily affected by different adversities. Since there is no available footwear sizing system for diabetic patients, manufacturers produce diabetic footwear of different sizes and fittings based on other available footwear sizing systems, which may result in inappropriate fitting. To get footwear with proper fittings, diabetic patients may go for customized or bespoke footwear based on their foot conditions, which is very costly. This study attempts to explore the foot complications of diabetic patients and categorize their feet to create a new sizing system using foot measurements from 102 male diabetic patients based on three dimensions of human feet, namely foot length, ball girth, and instep circumference. K-means data clustering is followed to categorize the data into three broad groups, namely small, medium, and large groups for footwear sizing. The developed footwear sizing system uses a sizing interval of 8 mm and a fitting interval of 6 mm. This study suggests a total of 11 sizes along with 24 different fittings for the footwear manufacturers for producing diabetic footwear. This newly developed footwear sizing system has a total of 79.41 % coverage where there are 10, 10, and 4 fittings in the small, medium, and large groups, respectively. The proposed footwear sizing system can help footwear manufacturers understand the proper size and fit of diabetic patients' feet so that they can make appropriate footwear for diabetic patients economically.

Keywords: Diabetic patients; Footwear sizing system; K-means clustering.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Research framework of this study.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Graphical view of foot length, ball girth, and instep circumference.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Percentages of diabetic patients of various age ranges.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The scatterplots of (a) ball girth against foot length (b) instep circumference against foot length, and (c) ball girth against instep circumference.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
3D visualization of K-means clustering for three dimensions of foot.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Derived footwear sizing scale for diabetic patients from K-means clustering.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Suggested footwear sizing system for diabetic patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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