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. 2024 Sep 27:14:05026.
doi: 10.7189/jogh.14.05026.

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing hospitalisation and mortality: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Iran

Mahya Razimoghadam  1 , Rajabali Daroudi  1   2 , Mehdi Yaseri  3
Affiliations

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in preventing hospitalisation and mortality: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Iran

Mahya Razimoghadam et al. J Glob Health. .

Abstract

Background: The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to a global health crisis, prompting widespread vaccination efforts to reduce severe outcomes. In this study, we assessed the impact of mass COVID-19 vaccination on hospitalisation and mortality rates in Iran, where over 83% of the vaccinated population received inactivated virus vaccines.

Methods: Using retrospective, cross-sectional analysis, we examined data from the Iran Health Insurance Organisation, covering 41 million individuals from 20 February 2020 to 20 March 2022. We analysed hospital records from 956 Iranian hospitals, focusing on inpatient stays, short-term hospitalisations, and emergency department visits. Study outcomes included COVID-19 hospital admissions and associated mortality. We used negative binomial regression to compare hospital admission rates between periods, while we used a poison regression model with a log link to assess mortality risks before and after vaccination.

Results: Among 806 076 hospital admissions, 57 599 deaths were recorded. COVID-19 hospitalisations increased with age, and women had slightly higher admission rates than men. Advanced age and male sex correlated with higher mortality rates. Hospital admissions rose to 1178.66 per million population per month post-vaccination compared to 459.78 pre-vaccination. The incidence rate ratio was 2.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.90-2.32, P < 0.001), mainly due to the Delta variant. In contrast, post-vaccination mortality rates decreased from 111.33 to 51.66 per 1000 admissions per month. Post-vaccination, COVID-19 mortality significantly decreased, with a relative risk being 0.61 (95% CI = 0.60-0.62, P < 0.001) across all age groups and sexes.

Conclusions: The Delta variant increased hospital admissions among vaccinated individuals, but widespread vaccination significantly reduced COVID-19-related mortality.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure of interest: The authors completed the ICMJE Disclosure of Interest Form (available upon request from the corresponding author) and disclose no relevant interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
COVID-19 hospital admissions, in-hospital deaths, and people vaccinated per 100 with at least one dose during the pandemic, with SARS-CoV-2 clades indicated for each time frame.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Incidence rate ratio of COVID-19 hospital admissions after vaccination compared to the pre-vaccination period as the baseline in Iran. *Significant P-values (P < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparison of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality risk per 1000 admissions per month between pre- and post-vaccination periods.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The relative risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality after vaccination compared to the pre-vaccination period as the baseline. All P-values are statistically significant (P < 0.05).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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