Carbonated Beverage, Fruit Drink, and Water Consumption and Risk of Acute Stroke: the INTERSTROKE Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background and purpose: Cold beverage intake (carbonated drinks, fruit juice/drinks, and water) may be important population-level exposures relevant to stroke risk and prevention. We sought to explore the association between intake of these beverages and stroke.

Methods: INTERSTROKE is an international matched case-control study of first stroke. Participants reported beverage intake using food frequency questionnaires or were asked "How many cups do you drink each day of water?" Multivariable conditional logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations with stroke.

Results: We include 13,462 cases and 13,488 controls; mean age was 61.7±13.4 years and 59.6% (n=16,010) were male. After multivariable adjustment, carbonated beverages were linearly associated with ischemic stroke (OR 2.39 [95% CI 1.64-3.49]); only consumption once/day was associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (OR 1.58 [95% CI 1.23-2.03]). There was no association between fruit juice/drinks and ischemic stroke, but increased odds of ICH for once/day (OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.08-1.75)] or twice/day (OR 3.18 [95% CI 1.69-5.97]). High water intake (>7 cups/day) was associated ischemic stroke (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68-0.99]) but not ICH. Associations differed by Eugeographical region-increased odds for carbonated beverages in some regions only; opposing directions of association of fruit juices/drinks with stroke in selected regions.

Conclusion: Carbonated beverages were associated with increased odds of ischemic stroke and ICH, fruit juice/drinks were associated with increased odds of ICH, and high water consumption was associated with reduced odds of ischemic stroke, with important regional differences. Our findings suggest optimizing water intake, minimizing fruit juice/drinks, and avoiding carbonated beverages.

Keywords: Carbonated beverages; Diet; Fruit juice; Stroke; Water.

Figure 1.

Prevalence of fruit juice/drink, carbonated beverage, or both by sex within seven geographical regions. The stacked columns add up to 100%, with the blank area representing the prevalence of those who consume neither fruit juice/drinks nor carbonated beverages.

Figure 2.

Multivariable adjusted association between beverage intake and stroke. (A) All stroke. (B) Ischemic stroke. (C) Intracerebral hemorrhage. Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, occupation, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, diet (tertile), apolipoprotein B:A ratio, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac risk factors, global stress, and other beverage types. CI, confidence interval.