Impact of air pollution exposure on the severity of major depressive disorder: Results from the DeprAir study

Abstract

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent medical conditions worldwide. Different factors were found to play a role in its etiology, including environmental ones (e.g., air pollution). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between air pollution exposure and MDD severity.

Methods: Four hundred sixteen MDD subjects were recruited. Severity of MDD and functioning were evaluated through five rating scales: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Daily mean estimates of particulate matter with diameter ≤10 (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and apparent temperature (AT) were estimated based on subjects' residential addresses. Daily estimates of the 2 weeks preceding recruitment were averaged to obtain cumulative exposure. Multivariate linear and ordinal regression models were applied to assess the associations between air pollutants and MDD severity, overall and stratifying by hypersusceptibility and AT.

Results: Two-thirds of subjects were women and one-third had a family history of depression. Most women had depression with symptoms of anxiety, while men had predominantly melancholic depression. NO₂ exposure was associated with worsening of MDD severity (HAMD: β = 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI], [0.41-3.47]; GAF: β = -1.93, 95% CI [-3.89 to 0.02]), especially when temperatures were low or among hypersusceptible subjects. PM exposure showed an association with MDD severity only in these subgroups.

Conclusions: Exposure to air pollution worsens MDD severity, with hypersusceptibility and lower temperatures being exacerbating factors.

Keywords: air pollution; depression severity; environmental health; major depressive disorder.

Figure 1.

Trend of PM2.5 (upper box) and NO₂ (lower box) levels in the period of recruitment estimated by the FARM model within the grid cells where the residential addresses of the study population fell. The dashed line corresponds to the World Health Organization 2021 Air Quality Guidelines for the pollutants daily average (i.e., 15 and 25 μg/m³, respectively).