Impact of the environmental pollution on cardiovascular diseases: From epidemiological to molecular evidence

Abstract

Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to human health, particularly concerning its impact on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review synthesizes epidemiological and molecular evidence to elucidate the intricate relationship between environmental pollutants and CVDs. Epidemiological studies highlight the association between exposure to air, water, and soil pollutants and increased CVD risk, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Furthermore, molecular investigations unravel the underlying mechanisms linking pollutant exposure to CVD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance. Understanding these molecular pathways is crucial for developing targeted interventions and policy strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollution on cardiovascular health. By integrating epidemiological and molecular evidence, this review provides insights into the complex interplay between environmental factors and CVDs, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive preventive measures and environmental policies to safeguard public health.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Environmental pollution; PM; Toxic metals.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Main morphological and cellular/metabolic changes within the cardiovascular system related to toxic metals exposure. The activation of these processes could promote several CVD, from vascular conditions, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, to myocardial infarction.