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. 2024 Sep 10;12(9):662.
doi: 10.3390/toxics12090662.

Recreational Drug Overdose-Clinical Value of Toxicological Analysis

Tobias Zellner  1 , Florian Eyer  1 , Christian Rabe  1 , Stefanie Geith  1 , Bettina Haberl  1 , Sabrina Schmoll  1
Affiliations

Recreational Drug Overdose-Clinical Value of Toxicological Analysis

Tobias Zellner et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

Background: Toxicological analysis of patients with acute recreational drug poisoning can improve our understanding of substance use patterns, clinical symptoms, and improve treatment. Patient history alone may be incomplete or misleading. The objective was to assess the differences in patient history and analytical results, to describe the clinical characteristics, implications and hospital management, and to describe the drug use pattern over time.

Methods: A retrospective study including all patients admitted to our toxicology unit with recreational drug toxicity and analytical testing from October 2014 to December 2022.

Results: 872 patients were included. Patient history revealed a median of one ingested substance class: opiates/opioids, benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, and Pregabalin were predominant. Urine analysis revealed a median of three ingested substance classes (p < 0.001). Benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, Pregabalin, and THC were severely underreported. Agitation and aggression, anxiety, hallucinations, and psychosis were frequent, associated with cocaine, cathinone/phenethylamine, and amphetamine/MDMA detection and required sedation. Coma was also frequent, associated with opiate/opioid, benzodiazepine/Z-drug, GBL/GHB, and Pregabalin detection and required intubation, and/or application of Naloxone and/or Flumazenil. Twelve patients arrived in cardiac arrest; all were positive for opiates/opioids. Four patients died: three with Benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, Pregabalin and opiates/opioids detected, one with cathinones/phenethylamines detected. While cathinones/phenethylamines and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists were mainly detected between 2014-2016, detection decreased significantly between 2017-2022 after NPS legislation passed. Pregabalin detection increased.

Conclusions: Patient history is inaccurate, and patients frequently underreport ingested drugs. Opiates and opioids are still the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Pregabalin is increasingly abused. NPS legislation effectively decreased cathinone/phenethylamine and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist overdoses.

Keywords: NPS; Pregabalin; benzodiazepine/Z-drug; clinical relevance; opiate/opioid; recreational drug overdose; toxicological analysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Patient enrollment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Timeline of selected substance classes per year in percentages.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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