Paradoxical metabolic acidosis after vomiting in children with spinal muscular atrophy: A report of 9 patients

Abstract

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a hereditary neuromuscular disease that progresses toward restrictive respiratory failure due to muscle paralysis. We observed that SMA patients presented with a specific clinical and laboratory profile, consisting of severe metabolic acidosis following an episode of mild vomiting. This is an unusual, little-known, and life-threatening situation for these patients, as hyperventilation induced by metabolic acidosis can lead to exhaustion and to death by mixed acidosis.

Objective: The aim of our study was to describe this paradoxical acidosis after vomiting in SMA patients and to discuss the physiological basis of this condition.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study reviewing the clinical and laboratory data of SMA patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit for severe metabolic acidosis after vomiting.

Results: Our cohort comprised 11 cases. On arrival, the median pH of the patients was 7.23 with a median bicarbonate concentration of 11.7 mmol/L and almost half of them (45 %) had ketone bodies in the blood and/or urine. The median correction time was 24 h for pH and 48 h for bicarbonate concentrations after receiving intravenous hydration with a glucose solution.

Conclusions: We suggest that SMA patients are particularly sensitive to ketoacidosis induced by fasting, even after a few episodes of mild vomiting. Moreover, they have a low buffering capacity due to their severe amyotrophy, which favors metabolic acidosis. They must be quickly hydrated through a glucose-containing solution to avoid exhaustion, mixed acidosis, and death.

Keywords: Anion gap; Children; Ketoacidosis; Metabolic acidosis; Spinal muscular atrophy; Vomiting.