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Review
. 2024 Sep 23;13(18):5637.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13185637.

Pharmacological Treatments of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-An Update

Evangelia Maria Tsapakis  1   2 , Michael Treiber  1   3   4 , Calypso Mitkani  1   5 , Zoe Drakaki  2 , Anastasios Cholevas  2 , Cleanthe Spanaki  2   6 , Konstantinos N Fountoulakis  1
Affiliations
Review

Pharmacological Treatments of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-An Update

Evangelia Maria Tsapakis et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder comprising positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits. Negative symptoms are associated with stigma, worse functional outcomes, and a significant deterioration in quality of life. Clinical diagnosis is challenging despite its significance, and current treatments offer little improvement in the burden of negative symptoms. This article reviews current pharmacological strategies for treating negative symptoms. Dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, anti-inflammatory compounds, hormones, and psychostimulants are explored. Finally, we review pharmacological global treatment guidelines for negative symptoms. In general, switching to a second-generation antipsychotic seems to be most often recommended for patients with schizophrenia on first-generation antipsychotics, and an add-on antidepressant is considered when depression is also present. However, the treatment of negative symptoms remains an unmet need. Future, larger clinical studies and meta-analyses are needed to establish effective pharmacological agents for the effective treatment of negative symptoms.

Keywords: negative symptoms; pharmacological treatment; schizophrenia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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