The Interplay of Dietary Habits, Economic Factors, and Globalization: Assessing the Role of Institutional Quality

Abstract

Background: Dietary habits are pivotal for population health and well-being, yet remain a pressing global issue, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where economic instability and institutional challenges exacerbate dietary problems. Despite extensive research, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding the direct and interactive effects of institutional quality and inflationary shocks on dietary habits.

Methods: This study delves into these complex interplays across 44 SSA nations from 2002 to 2022. Employing an innovative entropy method (EM) and the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) modeling, the study introduces an inclusive institutional quality index and an inflationary shock predictor as crucial determinants of dietary habits in the literature.

Results: The results from the panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) method and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) model reveal that per capita GDP, school enrollment rate, government expenditures, globalization index, and urbanization are positively associated with population dietary habits, while inflationary shock, food insecurity, and unemployment rate exert negative influences. Notably, institutional quality acts as a catalyst, amplifying the positive effects of the former group and absorbing the negative impacts of the latter on population dietary habits. Additionally, a dynamic panel causality analysis confirms a bidirectional causality nexus between population dietary habits and all variables, except for inflationary shocks, which demonstrate a unidirectional causality link.

Conclusions: These findings carry significant policy implications, underscoring the complex dynamics between institutional quality, inflationary shocks, and dietary habits in the region. The bidirectional causality highlights the need for holistic interventions that address economic, social, and institutional factors simultaneously. Moreover, the unidirectional causality of inflationary shocks on dietary habits suggests that stabilizing inflation is critical to protecting dietary habits. These results provide critical insights for policymakers to design targeted interventions aimed at improving nutrition, bolstering institutional frameworks, and ensuring public health resilience in the face of economic and social shocks.

Keywords: dietary habits; economic growth; inflationary shock; institutional quality; nutrition.

Figure 1

Historical global food price index from 1990 to 2024. Source: UN-FAO [5]; depicted by authors.

Figure 2

Constructed GS and InQ for SSA. Source: authors’ depiction.

Figure 3

Research process. Notes: CSD: cross-sectional dependence, SH: slope heterogeneity, CIPS: cross-sectionally augmented Im, Pesaran, and Shin, PCSE: panel-corrected standard error, FGLS: feasible generalized least square.

Figure 4

Summary of the results. Source: authors’ depiction.