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. 2024 Sep 12;16(9):1451.
doi: 10.3390/v16091451.

Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose

Taeyong Kwon  1 , Jordan T Gebhardt  1 , Eu Lim Lyoo  1 , Mohammed Nooruzzaman  2 , Natasha N Gaudreault  1 , Igor Morozov  1 , Diego G Diel  2 , Juergen A Richt  1
Affiliations

Bovine Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Stability and Inactivation in the Milk Byproduct Lactose

Taeyong Kwon et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

The recent incursion of highly pathogenic influenza viruses into dairy cattle opens new insights for influenza virus ecology and its interspecies transmission and may have a significant impact on public health and agriculture. The aim of this study was to determine the stability of a bovine highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus isolate in the milk byproduct lactose and to evaluate two inactivation methods using industrial procedures. The bovine isolate of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was stable for 14 days in a concentrated lactose solution under refrigerated conditions. Heat or citric acid treatments successfully inactivated the virus in lactose. This study highlights the persistence of HPAIV in lactose and its efficient inactivation under industrial standards.

Keywords: citric acid inactivation; heat inactivation; highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; lactose; stability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The J.A.R. laboratory received support from Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Xing Technologies, and Zoetis outside of the reported work. J.A.R. is the inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections, owned by Kansas State University. The other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The stability of the bovine isolate of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in a concentrated lactose solution. The virus was mixed with whole milk and lactose at 1:10 dilution and incubated at a refrigerated temperature. At each time point, the samples were titrated on MDCK cells. Dash line represents the limit of detection, 4.64 TCID50/mL.
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