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. 2024 Sep 30;24(1):889.
doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-05566-8.

Effects of copper sulphate stress on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa

Umar Zeb  1   2 , Fazli Rahim  3 , Azizullah Azizullah  2 , Ibrahim A Saleh  4 , Sher Wali  5 , Asif Ali Khan  1 , Hanif Khan  6 , Sajid Fiaz  7 , Hamada AbdElgawad  8 , Babar Iqbal  9 , Mohammad K Okla  10 , Shah Fahad  11 , Feng-Jie Cui  12
Affiliations

Effects of copper sulphate stress on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa

Umar Zeb et al. BMC Plant Biol. .

Abstract

Plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses that significantly impact their growth and productivity. To achieve balanced crop growth and yield, including for leafy vegetables, the continuous application of micronutrient is crucial. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of copper sulphate (0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm) on the morphological and biochemical features of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root length, and fresh and dry weights were optimized at a concentration of 75 ppm copper sulfate. At this concentration, chlorophyll a & b levels increased significantly in Spinacia oleracea (462.9 and 249.8 𝜇𝑔/𝑔), and Avena sativa (404.7 and 437.63𝜇𝑔/𝑔). However, carotenoid content and sugar levels in Spinacia oleracea were negatively affected, while sugar content in Avena sativa increased at 125 ppm (941.6 µg/ml). Protein content increased in Spinacia oleracea (75 ppm, 180.3 µg/ml) but decreased in Avena sativa. Phenol content peaked in both plants at 75 ppm (362.2 and 244.5 µg/ml). Higher concentrations (175 ppm) of copper sulfate reduced plant productivity and health. Plants exposed to control and optimal concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulpate exhibited the best health and growth compared to those subjected to higher concentrations. Maximum plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weights were observed at lower concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulfate, while higher concentrations caused toxicity. Optimal copper sulfate levels enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein, and phenol contents but inhibited sugar and carotenoid contents in both Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Overall, increased copper sulfate treatment adversely affected the growth parameters and biochemical profiles of these plants.

Keywords: Avena sativa protein; Chlorophyll a; Copper; Micronutrients; Plant stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Effects of copper sulphate on the growth parameters of (A) Spinacia oleracea (B) Avena sativa
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effects of copper sulphate on the chlorophyll-a, b, total sugar, protein and phenolic contents of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa
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