Multifaceted bioactivity of marine fungal derived secondary metabolite, xyloketal B -a review

Abstract

Background: A growing number of findings have focused on the distinctive physiochemical characteristics that marine microorganisms have acquired as a result of their adaptation to the challenging conditions inherent in the marine environment. It has been established that the marine environment is a very rich source of bioactive substances with a variety of biological effects and structural diversity. A major discovery was the extraction of xyloketals from Xylaria sp. Numerous thorough studies have subsequently been carried out to determine the medicinal potential of these bioactive components. Xyloketals are thought to be a very promising and significant class of naturally occurring substances with a wide range of potent biological activities, such as radical scavenging, suppression of cell proliferation, reduction of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, antioxidant activity, inhibition of acetylcholine esterase, inhibition of L-calcium channels, and others. Xyloketal B is one of the most potent molecules with significant therapeutic properties among the numerous variants discovered.

Conclusion: This review summarizes the structural characterization of all naturally occurring xyloketal compounds, especially the B derivative with an emphasis on their bioactivity and provides an outline of how xyloketals operate in diverse disease scenarios.

Keywords: ADME; NADPH oxidase; Nrf2; PPARα/PGC1α; antioxidant; cardiovascular; glioblastoma multiforme; marine bioactives; mitochondrial biogenesis; oxLDL; xylaria; xyloketal.

Fig. 1

Morphological features of Xylaria Sp. A) Xylaria sp growing on a media-containing culture plate; develops a thick white mycelia mat with radiating filamentous structures extending from the centre. B) Xylarial asci with ascospores obtained via cellophane tape method stained with lactophenol cotton blue (×100 magnification). C) Xylarial fruiting bodies developed into slender and elongated structure with distinctive white apices and darkish stripes in potato dextrose broth in static culture conditions.

Fig. 2

Extraction of Xyloketal from Xylaria Sp.

Fig. 3

Several biological activities of Xyloketals.

Fig. 4

Mechanism of antioxidant activity of xyloketal B.

Fig. 5

Mechanism of cardioprotective effects of Xyloketal B against oxLDL induced vascular cell injury in HUVEC cells.