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Review
. 2024 Sep 11;9(38):39307-39325.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05475. eCollection 2024 Sep 24.

Advances in Phosphogypsum Calcination and Decomposition Processes in Circulating Fluidized Beds

Pengxing Yuan  1 , Meng Li  2   3 , Shiyi Chen  1 , Wenguo Xiang  1
Affiliations
Review

Advances in Phosphogypsum Calcination and Decomposition Processes in Circulating Fluidized Beds

Pengxing Yuan et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial hazardous waste product discharged during wet-process phosphoric acid production. Once crystallized, the byproduct PG is filtered and separated from the liquid-phase product and sluiced to the disposal area near the production site for storage, seriously threatening the harmonious symbiosis between humans and nature. Therefore, devising effective solid waste management and cleaner production programs to contain and eliminate PG is of interest to researchers. In this study, the utilization status of PG is comprehensively reviewed, and a feasibility pathway for resourceful recovery of PG is proposed. The key challenges and countermeasures for the high-temperature calcination and decomposition of PG are analyzed and discussed. The visualization analysis based on bibliometrics reveals that the maximum recovery of abundant calcium (as CaO) and sulfur (as SO2) in PG and their utilization for the copreparation of calcium-based materials and sulfuric acid are the most suitable solutions for the large-scale application of PG. Five challenges that restrict the commercial promotion of PG calcination and decomposition processes are perfecting the calcium-sulfur conversion mechanism, establishing a process strengthening strategy, developing value-added technology routes, mastering unit scale-up regularity, and conducting sustainable performance assessment. Industrial applications are expected within 10-15 years.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of world phosphate production from 2021 to 2023 and the top 10 phosphate producing countries.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Co-occurrence analysis of keywords in comprehensive utilization of PG from 2020 to 2024.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Strategy of PG comprehensive utilization and comprehensive utilization rate of PG in some countries around the world.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Co-occurrence analysis of keywords in PG related review articles from 1985 to 2024.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Co-occurrence analysis of keywords in the literature related to the PG calcination decomposition from 1985 to 2024.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Thermodynamic properties of critical chemical reactions in the process of coal reductive decomposition of PG to prepare CaO and SO2.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Decomposition scheme of one- and two-step approaches for PG.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Process strengthening strategy for PG conversion to CaO and SO2.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Design of PG decomposition furnace in CFB. (a) The double decomposition furnace at Iowa State University, (b) the reaction mechanism of double atmosphere PG decomposition furnace, (c) the CFB PG decomposition furnace from Lurgi company, and (d) the pilot process for PG decomposition at Lurgi company.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Integrated process principle of sulfur and hydrogen (SO2–H2) coproduction and CO2 capture in three reactors (CFB).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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